Download PSYC 3215: Human Development I Infancy through Childhood

PSYC 3205: Human Development I
Infancy through Childhood
Domains of Development
Domain
Changes in
Physical



Cognitive

Emotional
and Social




Body size & proportions, appearance
Functioning of body systems, health
Perceptual & motor capacities
Intellectual abilities
Emotional communication
Self-understanding, knowledge about
others
Interpersonal skills & relationships
Moral reasoning & behavior
Periods of Development
Prenatal
Conception to birth
Infancy and
Toddlerhood
Birth to 2 years
Early Childhood
2 to 6 years
Middle Childhood
6 to 11 years
Basic Issues in Development
Figure 1.1
1. Continuous or discontinuous?
2. One course of development or many
possible courses?
3. Relative influence of nature and nurture?
Continuous or Discontinuous
Development
Figure 1.2
Stability vs. Plasticity?
• Stability
• Plasticity
.
Nature and Nurture
Nature
•
Nurture
© Stuart Monk | Dreamstime.com
Resilient Children
4 characteristics:
 Personal
characteristics
 A warm parental
relationship
 Social support outside
the immediate family
 Community resources
and opportunities
Watch: Dr. Michael
Maddaus
© Ami Beyer | Dreamstime.com
Historical Views of
Childhood
Medieval Era Childhood (to age 7 or 8)
regarded as separate phase with
special needs, protections
16th Century Puritan “child depravity” views
17th Century John Locke “tabula rasa” or “blank
slate” view; continuous
development
18th Century Jean-Jacques Rousseau “noble
savages” view; natural maturation
Early Scientific Study
of Development
Evolutionary Darwin’s ideas of natural selection
Theory
and survival of the fittest are still
influential.
Normative
Hall & Gesell: Age-related
Approach
averages based on measurements
of large numbers of children
Mental
Binet & Simon: Early developers of
Testing
intelligence tests
Movement
Gesell’s Photographic Dome
1928
Theory
•An orderly, integrated
set of statements that:
Photodisc, Education 2 Royalty Free
Personality Structure
Personality develops as a result of our efforts to
resolve conflicts between our biological impulses
(id) and social restraints (superego).
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
•Oral
•Anal
•Phallic
•Latency
•Genital
© Constantin Opris | Dreamstime.com
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust v. mistrust
Birth–1 year
Autonomy v. shame and 1–3 years
doubt
Initiative v. guilt
3–6 years
Industry v. inferiority
6–11 years
Behaviorism &
Social Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Stimulus –
Response
Operant
Conditioning
Reinforcers &
punishments
Social-Cognitive
Approach
Modeling
Self-efficacy
Social Learning Theory
Modeling or
Observational
Learning
Cognition
Personal
Standards
A baby claps her hands after
her mother does; a child talks
like his father.
Stressed today;
social-cognitive approach
Children begin to believe their
own abilities will help them
succeed.
Behavior Modification
• Combines conditioning and modeling to
eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase
desirable responses
Limitations of Behaviorism and Social
Learning Theory
 Too narrow a view of important
environmental influences
 Bandura’s work is unique in that it grants
children an active role in their own
learning.
Cognitive
• Piaget
Logical thinking starts
here
Logical AND abstract
Information-Processing Flowchart
How humans encode, store, and retrieve information;
input to output process
Figure 1.3
Sheldon Cooper’s
Friendship Flowchart
Psychology
Medicine
Developmental
Cognitive
Neuroscience
Neuroscience
Biology
Ethology
• Concerned with the adaptive or survival
value of behavior and its evolutionary
history
• Roots traced to Darwin:
– Imprinting
– Critical period
– Sensitive period
Sensitive Period
 An optimal time for
 Individual is
© Anita Patterson Peppers | Dreamstime.com
 Boundaries less
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
• Transmission of culture
to new generation
– Beliefs, customs, skills
• Social interaction vital
for cognitive
development
– Cooperative dialogues
with more
knowledgeable
members of society
Family Life Royalty Free
Ecological Systems Theory
Figure 1.4
Ecological Systems Theory
• Eg: U.S. Census (2012): Stay-at-home dads:
3.4% of all stay-at-home parents in 2 parent
families
• Only 1.6% in 2001
Figure 1.4
Dynamic Systems Perspective
• Dynamic Systems Theory: new forms arise during development
•
Indeterminism is inherent in system
•
Butterfly effect: small perturbation creates
unpredicted novelty (chance encounter; kind word;
discouragement, etc)
•
•
Figure 1.5