Download ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS

Name:___________________________________Period:_______Date:__________
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:

___________________________= compounds that contain carbon
Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

___________________________= compounds that DO NOT contain carbon
Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water

Carbon forms ____covalent bonds to become stable
 Can join with other carbons to form
straight__________, branches
or________________.

These structures may contain
______________carbon atoms
This makes many
__________________possible!

____________________= the simplest carbon compound (CH4)

____________________= any molecule made ONLY of _______________and
______________atoms!
Ex: Methane
Methane’s ________________or chemical formula is __________
Methane’s________________________:
o Bonds are represented by _______________
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
_______________ = compounds that have the same
__________but different ______________
Ex: Glucose & Fructose
o Formula- _____________

_____________________can range from
_________carbon atoms to _____________of carbon
atoms
II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

The digestive system breaks down organic compounds into their building blocks
(____________________________)
Body cells take the monomers and put them together in the form the body can use

____________________= extremely large compounds made of smaller ones.

_________________= large molecule formed when many smaller molecules
(monomers) bond together, usually in __________ chains

Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Polymers and their monomers:
POLYMERS
MONOMERS (building blocks)
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic Acid

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM
MONOMERS?
__________________________or Condensation =



The ___________of _____and ______(water)from the individual molecules
so that a _________may form between them and result in a more
______________molecule
______________________organic molecules
________________________ bonds = store energy
o Humans – _________________________ production
o Plants – fruit & veggie production
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
Dehydration synthesis represented by an equation:
Monomer + Monomer ----> Polymer + water

For example:
1. Amino Acid + Amino Acid ---> ________________________________
2. Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide---> __________________________
3. Fatty Acids + Glycerol ---> __________________________________
+ H2O
+ H2O

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO BREAKDOWN
NUTRIENTS?
________________=(hydro =______________, Lysis =__________)

The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into smaller compounds
(monomers) through the addition of -H and –OH (water).

Breaks organic molecules _____________

Break bonds = release energy

Occurs during ___________________– release energy from food

Hydrolysis represented by an equation:
Polymer + water ----> monomers

For example:
1. Protein + water ----> _____________________________________
2. Carbohydrate + water ---> _________________________________
3. Lipid + water --> _________________________________________
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HYDROLYSIS OF SUCROSE:
+ H2O
 WHAT DO ATHLETES EAT THE DAY BEFORE A BIG GAME?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
III. CARBOHYDRATES:

Foods: pasta, bread, fruits, veggies

Compounds used for __________and release of _____________

Made of C, H, O atoms

Reduced formula: _____________

How do you identify a carbohydrate?
Look at the number of atoms
Ratio is ___Hydrogen atoms : ___Oxygen
atom
3 types of carbohydrates:


1. __________________________= C6H12O6

___________sugar (6 carbons)

Ex: _________________________________________

Only form our ________can use for energy
2. ___________________________= C12H22O11

__________sugar made of 2 simple sugars
(monosaccharide. + monosaccharide.)
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Combined by _____________________________ reaction

Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose
________________: (table sugar) Glucose + Fructose sucrose + H2O
________________: (milk sugar) Glucose + Galactose lactose + H2O
__________________: Glucose + Glucose maltose + H2O
3. ______________________________=
 More than 2 ________________joined by dehydration synthesis
 Ex:
______________- Plant’s energy storing molecule
_______________- Animal’s energy storing
molecule
o Energy storage form of
______________________
o Found in the liver and skeletal muscle
o
When the body needs
____________________between
meals/physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose
through _____________________________
________________- provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be
digested by human body)
Starch
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
What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the body?
Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS into _______________
which are then absorbed into the body through the_____________________,
where the body cells take the monosaccharides and produce _____________.
After the immediate energy requirements of all your body's tissues have been
met, the excess glucose in your blood will be converted into a storage form of
carbohydrate called ____________________ (found in your muscles and liver).
If all of your glycogen stores are full and you still have excess glucose in your
bloodstream, the remaining glucose will be converted to _________.
IV. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:
 Functional groups give a molecule __________________properties

_________________: (-OH) allows molecule to be more soluble in water
Alcohol
Group

__________________: (-COOH) allows molecule to release H ions in watertherefore ______________!
There is a _________________between carbon and oxygen
Carboxyl
Group

__________________: (-NH2) allows molecule to accept ions from acids –
therefore basic!
Amino
Group
H
H
H
H C
C
C
OH
OH
OH
______________
H
______
______
__
_______
_______
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I. LIPIDS:

_______________: butter, oil, Crisco, lard

Commonly called _____________& __________

Contain __________C-H bonds and _________O atoms than_______________.
Ex: C57H110O6

Nonpolar; therefore repel ___________(_________________)

Functions of lipids in our body:
1. _____________energy storage (used when carbohydrates are NOT available)
2. _____________________
3. _____________body tissue (cushioning)
 WHICH HAS MORE ENERGY – LIPIDS OR CARBS?
One gram of _________contains ______________as much __________as one
gram of _________________. Therefore, __________are better
___________compounds!

Fats vs. Carbs. & Energy Storage:
1 gram of Carbs. (glycogen) = about ____________ of energy
o a short term rapid energy source (sprint events)
1 gram of Fats = about ___________of energy
o a long term energy source (endurance events - marathons)
Average human contains about 0.5 Kg of stored glycogen = 2,000 Kcal of
energy.
About 16 Kg of body fat = 144,000 Kcal
To carry the same amount of energy [144,000 Kcal] as carbs., we would have to
store 36 Kg [79.4 lb] more of glycogen
to lose 1 Kg of body fat which means, you need to burn lots of calories!
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
Types and Examples of Lipids:
1. ____________- steroids
2. _____________– bee, furniture, ear, car
3. ______________- in egg yolks, red meat
4.__________ - from animals
Carboxyl group
5. ___________– from plants

Structure of Lipids:
Basic building blocks: __________________+ ________________
Fatty Acids
o Long ___________________with a ___________group at one end
Glycerol and each fatty acid chain are joined to each other by
____________________________________________________.
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Structure of a lipid (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids):
Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
3 types of fats:
1. _____________________ = fatty acid chains of carbon with
only______________bonds between the carbon atoms
o “_______________________”- cholesterol (heart disease)
o ___________at room temperature

Ex: _____________
2. _____________________ = fatty acid chains of carbon with
ONE__________________ bond between the carbon atoms
o “_____________________”
o ______________at room temperature

Ex: _______________
3. _____________________________= more than one double bond between
the carbon atoms in the chain
o Ex: nuts, seeds, fish, leafy greens
Structural formulas for saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids:
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
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
What happens to LIPIDS in the body?
Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS into _______________
and _______________which are then absorbed into the body through the
bloodstream.
The fatty acids can then be broken down directly to get ______________, or
can be used to make glucose

_____________________________= Majority of fat in organism consist of this
type of fat molecules
Derived from fats eaten in ___________or made in the body from other
energy sources like carbohydrates.
Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted
to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored.
o Storage – 3 month supply of ___________vs. glycogen’s 24 hour supply
Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet
the body's needs for energy between meals.

Excess Triglycerides- Life Applications:
Cause plaque to build up
o ______________________ = walls of the arteries get thick and hard; fat
builds up inside the walls and slows the blood flow
 Cause blood clots –heart attacks, strokes
o _____________________(high blood pressure)
II. PROTEINS:

____________________: meats, soy, cheese

Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S

Monomers (basic building blocks): _____________________
______different amino acids
Example amino acids:
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
Structure of an amino acid:
Central carbon atom boded with _____________________. The other 3
bonds are with an _______________ group (-NH2), a ______________group
(-COOH) and a ___________________group (-R)
o The variable group makes each amino acid _____________________!

Amino acids are linked together by ____________________________ to form a
protein
Ex: 2 amino acids joined by _________________________________

______________________= a covalent bond that joins amino acids to each other
Forms between the _______________ group of one amino acid and the
_________________________group of another

Proteins- named for the _______________of amino acids that make them
Ex:
o two amino acids =
____________________
o three amino acids =
____________________
o many amino acids =
_____________________

Essential Amino Acids:
______of the _____ amino acids are
“essential” because they are required by
the body but are _________created by it.
o As a result, it must be provided by our______. If one is missing then proper
growth and repair cannot be_________________.
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
Functions of proteins in our body:
1. _____________contraction
2. Transport ______________in the bloodstream
3. Provide ________________(antibodies)
4. Carry out ______________reactions

What happens to PROTEINS in the body?
Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS into
_______________which are then absorbed into the body through the
bloodstream, where the body cells take the amino acids and makes protein for
muscles.
I. ENZYMES:

A specialized type of ____________________

Function in our body: acts like a ________________= substance that
_________up the rate of a chemical reaction but it is _____ used up in the reaction.

Enzyme(s) reduce _________________= amount of energy needed to begin a
reaction

__________________= an organic molecule ____________with the enzyme to
__________in the reaction.

Need an active site on the enzyme
__________________- attracts and holds only ______________molecules
called__________________.
o “Lock-and-key” system
Therefore, _______________ enable molecules called ________________to
undergo a chemical change to form new substances,
called______________________.
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________

Example of the ________________ of sucrose using the enzyme (________)

________________________= a substance that _____________the activity of an
enzyme by entering the ______________in place of the
_________________whose structure it______________.
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
Could not ________________without enzymes! (Almost all chemical reactions in
cells require an enzyme)
o Speed up the reactions in:
1. _______________of food
2. ________________of molecules
3. __________________________of energy

_____________are named for the compound they work on.
You drop the current compound ending and replace it with _________
o For example:
o Lactose’s enzyme is ______________
o Maltose's enzyme is ______________
o Sucrose's enzyme is ______________
o ______________(in your salvia)is the enzyme for starch

2 Factors that affect enzymes:
1. __________________- To high temp. will denature (break apart) enzymes
2. _____________
HOW DOES OUR BODY GET ENERGY FROM THE BREAKING DOWN OF
MOLECULES?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
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II. NUCLEIC ACIDS:

Complex polymer that stores information in cells in the form of a___________.

Monomers (basic building blocks):_________________, which consist of C, H, O, N, P
These elements are arranged in 3 groups:__________________,
____________________, and a__________________________.
Nitrogen
Base
Phosphate
Group
Sugar

2 types of nucleic acids:
1. ______________(deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the
instructions for an organisms development…..AKA genetic
information
2. _____________(ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for protein
synthesis (production)
Nucleic Acid
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Organic molecules worksheet
Name:___________________________________________________Period:______Date:__________
Part 1: CARBON: Answer the following questions.
1) All organic compounds contain ____________________
2) In order for a carbon atom to be considered stable it needs to form ________ covalent
bonds.
3) Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms are called __________________.
4) The following structural formulas show four different compounds of carbon and
hydrogen (hydrocarbons). Below each structural formula, write the chemical formula
and label any double and triple bonds.
1.___________________
2._____________________
3.______________________
4.___________________
Part 2: CARBOHYDRATES: Answer the following questions.
1) What atoms make up carbohydrates? _______________________________________________
2) What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms present in all carbohydrates? _________
3) What are the three types of carbohydrates?
a. ___________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________
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Part 3: MONOSACCHARIDES & DISACCHARIDES: Answer the following questions.
1) What are the monomers of carbohydrates? _____________________________________
2) What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides?
3) What are the three examples of monosaccharides?
a. ________________________________________
b. ________________________________________
c. ________________________________________
4) What are the three examples of disaccharides?
a. ________________________________________
b. ________________________________________
c. ________________________________________
5) Look at the structural formulas below. These three sugars all have the same chemical
formula (C6H12O6).
a. Are the structural formulas the same? __________________
b. What do we call compounds that have the same chemical formula, but differ in
their structural formulas? _______________________
6) Monosaccharides all have the same formula: C6H12O6. How can you write this formula in
the simplest form (reduced) that illustrates the proportion of elements in
monosaccharides? ______________________________
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7) Below is an example of dehydration synthesis. In dehydration synthesis, a hydrogen
atom from one molecule joins with a hydroxyl group (-OH) from another molecule to
form water, leaving two molecules bonded to the same oxygen atom. For example, when
glucose and fructose combine by dehydration synthesis, they form sucrose and water.
+
+
H2O
water
8) Below is an example of hydrolysis. Complex organic molecules are broken down by the
addition of the components of water – H+ and OH-.
water
9) What are the products of the hydrolysis reaction? ____________________________________
10) What are the reactants of the dehydration synthesis reaction?________________________
11) How are the reactions in #7 and #8 related?_________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
12) What is the chemical formula for disaccharides?__________________
13) Why is the chemical formula of disaccharides not double that of the monosaccharides?
14) In what life process does hydrolysis occur?______________________________________
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15) Look at the three reactions below. Which reaction(s) is hydrolysis taking
place?______________
a. How do you know?
16) Look at the three reactions below. Which reaction(s) is dehydration synthesis taking
place?_________
a. How do you know?
17) What are the common names for sucrose and lactose?_______________________________________
18) What are polysaccharides?____________________________________________________________
19) What substance would the repeating unit that makes up starch, cellulose, and glycogen?
________________________________
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Carbon and Carbohydrate Review Worksheet
Directions: For each of the following statements, write true or false.
_________________1.
The formula for all carbohydrates is C6H12O6
_________________2.
Carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains, or rings.
_________________3.
Isomers are compounds with the same simple formula but different threedimensional structure.
_________________4.
Large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micromolecules.
_________________5.
Milk sugar is the common name for maltose.
Directions: Write each name or formula under the correct heading. Use these items:
Sucrose
Glucose
Starch
C6H12O6
Cellulose
Maltose
Fructose
C12H22O11
Galactose
Lactose
Glycogen
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
Polysaccharide
9.
10.
11.
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Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. List the 3 types of carbohydrates.
a. ______________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________
2. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and a polysaccharide?
3. What is the following reaction showing? Maltose + water  Glucose + Glucose
a. What are the reactants? _______________________________________________
4. What is the following reaction showing?
Glucose + Glucose  Maltose + water
a. What are the products?________________________________________________
5. What elements make up all carbohydrates?_______________________________
a. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in all carbohydrates ____hydrogen: _____oxygen
6. A compound that contains ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms is called a(n) _____________________
7. Write the 3 functional groups below:
a. Amino = _______________________
b. Alcohol = _______________________
c. Carboxyl = ______________________
8. What are some foods that contain carbohydrates?
9. Write the chemical formula for the following compound. _________________________
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Biomolecules Worksheet
PART 1: IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: A functional group in a molecule gives the
molecule its distinctive properties. Find the functional groups in the following structural formulas.
Circle the functional group(s) and write the functional group name(s) on the first line. Then write
the chemical formula on the second line.
1._________________________
__________________________
2._________________________
___________________________
3._________________________
__________________________
4._________________________
___________________________
PART 2: MONOMERS & POLYMERS: Monomers are the repeating units that make up a
polymer.
POLYMERS
MONOMERS (building blocks)
ATOMS Present
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
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PART 3: BUILDING A MACROMOLECULE: All living things make large molecules, called
macromolecules, from smaller molecules. Macromolecules can be made from a few repeating units,
or can be composed of hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules. Each macromolecule has
properties quite different from the units of which it is composed. Study the diagrams below, which
show carbohydrate molecules. Beside each molecule, write whether it is a monosaccharide, a
disaccharide, or a polysaccharide.
1._______________________
2._________________________
3.________________________________
4. What is the function of #3 in our bodies?
5. After you eat carbs. and the immediate energy requirements of all your body's tissues
have been met, the excess glucose in your blood will be converted into ______________
a) If all of your glycogen stores are full and you still have excess glucose in your
bloodstream, the remaining glucose will be converted to ____________.
6. What is the name of the chemical process that joined the disaccharide and the
polysaccharide? ______________________________________
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PART 4: DEGREE OF SATURATION: Each of the following structural formulas shows a fatty
acid molecule. On the line, identify the fatty acid as saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated.
1. Define a saturated fatty acid. Provide one example of a saturated fatty acid.
2. Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Provide one example of an unsaturated fatty acid.
3. Define a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
1.______________________
2._____________________
3._____________________
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PART 5: SYNTHESIS-ANAYLZING MACROMOLECULES: Study the diagram below and
then answer the following questions.
+
+
+
1. What are the reactants?____________________________________
2. What are the products?_____________________________________
3. What chemical process occurred in order to create this protein?_________________
a. How do you know?_______________________________________________
4. Circle the peptide bonds. How many peptide bonds are present?_____
5. How many molecules of water are produced in order to form the peptide
bonds?__________
6. If a protein contained 200 peptide bonds, how many molecules of water do you suppose
would be required to break it down into its components? ___________
7. What is the ratio of molecules of water to the number of peptide bonds? __________
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Biochemistry Review Worksheet
Directions: Answer the following questions completely and concisely.
1. List a kind of food that contains these polymers.
a. Proteins:_______________________________________________________________
b. Carbohydrates:_______________________________________________________________
c. Fats:__________________________________________________________________
2. What are the elements that make up all carbohydrates?______________________________
a. What is the specific ratio of hydrogen to oxygen?_________________
3. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are a type of what macromolecule? _________
4. What are the monomers of carbs.? __________________________________
5. What is the function of carbs.? ____________________________________________________
6. Write the formula for monosaccharides ____________________
7. Write the formula for disaccharides ____________________
8. What are the monomers of proteins?_________________________________________
9. What are the elements that make up all proteins?______________________________
10. What is the name of the bond that joins together amino acids?________________________
11. What are 2 functions of proteins?
a. _________________________________________
b. _________________________________________
12. What are the monomers of a lipid?____________________________________
13. What is the common name(s) given to lipids? _________________
14. What are 2 functions of lipids?
a. ________________________________________
b. ________________________________________
15. What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?
16. Identify the following functional groups:
a. – OH _____________________
b. – NH2 ____________________
c. – COOH ___________________
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17. Define isomer.___________________________________________________________________
18. What is the difference between a hydrolysis reaction and dehydration synthesis?
19. Provide an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction below. Hint: you should have 2 reactants and
2 products and you do not have to draw the structural formulas.
20. List the 5 elements that make up most nucleic acids ___________________________________
21. What is an essential amino acid?
22. What type of polymer are enzymes?__________________________________________________
23. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?___________________________________________
24. What is the function of DNA?________________________________________________________
25. What is the function of RNA?________________________________________________________
26. A compound that consists of only hydrogen and carbon would be called a(n)________________.
27. Which macromolecule stores more energy, fats or carbohydrates? ____________.
28. What macromolecule would most likely be represented by the following formula, C57H110O6? How do
you know?
29. Below is the structural formula for an amino acid. Circle and label the 2
functional groups. Also write the chemical formula.
30. Circle the peptide bonds.
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Basic Chemistry & Biochemistry Unit Review
NAME:___________________________________________________Period:_____Date:____________
A. Using the vocabulary terms in the following list, fill in the blacks in the statements below.
acids
atom
atomic number
compound
covalent bonding
dehydration synthesis
disaccharide
electron
element
hydrolysis
inorganic
ionic bonding
isotope
mass number
monosaccharide
neutron
nucleus
pH
polymer
polysaccharide
proton
reactants
1. A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means is a(n)
_____________________.
2. A substance formed by the chemical combinations of two or more elements is a(n)
__________________.
3. The basic unit of structure of all elements is the _________________.
4. Atoms are made up of three types of particles: __________________, __________________, and
__________________.
5. The dense central portion of the atom is the ______________________.
6. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the _______________________ of the element.
7. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is its
____________________________________.
8. Different varieties of the same elements having different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei are called
__________________________.
9. Chemical bonding in which there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another is a(n)
____________________________________.
10. Chemical bonding in which there is a sharing of electrons between atoms is a(n)
________________________________________.
11. Measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution may be given in terms of
_________________.
12. Glucose is a __________________________________, maltose is a __________________________,
and starch is a _________________________________.
13. The type of reaction by which proteins are synthesized is __________________.
14. The type of reaction by which carbohydrates are broken down is
_________________________________________________.
15. Large molecules made up of chains of repeating units are __________________.
16. ________________________________ compounds do not contain carbon.
17. _____________ are substances that fall between 0-6.9 on the pH scale.
18. Substances to the left of the yields arrow in a chemical equation are called _____________________.
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B. Place the letter of the definition in the space to the left of the term it defines.
_______1. amino acid
_______2. enzymes
_______3. nucleic acids
_______4. unsaturated fat
_______5. amino group
_______6. hydrolysis
_______7. carboxyl group
_______8. dehydration synthesis
_______9. glycerol
_______10. polymer
A. Type of reaction by which complex molecules are synthesized
from simple molecules
B. A substance composed of similar repeating units.
C. Proteins that act as organic catalysts.
D. Digestion is accomplished by this type of reaction.
E. COOH
F. RNA and DNA
G. Alcohol found in lipids.
H. Monomer of proteins
I. A lipid containing 1 double bond between the carbon atoms.
J. NH2
C. In the answer space for each question, write the letter of the choice that best completes the
statement.
_______1. An atom has 14 electrons. Its third energy level has ___________ electrons. (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
_______2. The part of an enzyme that attracts and holds the substrate is the ___. (a) substrate site
(b) coenzyme (c) active site (d) competitive inhibitor
_______3. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain ________ atoms. (a) carbon (b) oxygen
(c) phosphorus (d) nitrogen
_______4. How many electrons can a carbon atom share? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
_______5. The nucleus of an atom contains (a) protons & electron (b) neutrons & electrons
(c) protons & neutrons (d) only neutrons
_______6. A pH of 7 indicates a (a) strong acid (b) strong base (c) neutral solution (d) weak base
_______7. Organic compounds always contain (a) oxygen (b) proteins (c) nitrogen (d) carbon
_______8. Carbohydrates are composed of (a) carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (b) nitrogen, oxygen, and
hydrogen (c) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (d) sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon
_______9. Glucose and fructose are both (a) monosaccharide (b) disaccharides (c) polysaccharides
(d) starches
_______10. Maltose and sucrose are both (a) monosaccharide (b) disaccharides (c) polysaccharides
(d) starches
_______11. Monosaccharides join to form disaccharides by (a) hydrolysis (b) hydration
(c) dehydration synthesis (d) dehydrolysis
_______12. Disaccharides are broken down into their component monosaccharides by (a) hydrolysis
(b) hydration (c) dehydration synthesis (d) dehydrolysis
_______13. Cellulose and glycogen are (a) proteins (b) fatty acids (c) polysaccharides
(d) disaccharides
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_______14. Simple lipids consist of (a) three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol (b) fatty acids only
(c) glycerol only (d) amino acids
_______15. The bonds between amino acids in proteins are (a) peptide bonds (b) unsaturated
(c) hydrolytic (d) carboxylic
_______16. Enzymes are (a) carbohydrates (b) lipids (c) proteins (d) hormones
_______17. Enzymes (a) decrease reaction rates (b) increase reaction rates (c) are involved only in
synthetic reactions (d) are involved only in hydrolytic reactions
_______18. Nucleic acids are composed of (a) C, H, O, N, P (b) C, H, O, N
(d) C, H, O
(c) C, H, O, N, S
_______19. DNA (a) is the site of protein synthesis (b) contains the hereditary information
(c) is found only in the cytoplasm (d) is found only in the animal cells
_______20. RNA is involved in (a) lipid synthesis (b) carbohydrate synthesis (c) protein synthesis
(d) DNA synthesis
_______21. How many water molecules are present, in the following chemical equation?:
2H2O  2H2 + O2 (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) none
_______22. How many hydrogen atoms are present, in the following chemical equation?:
2H2O  2H2 + O2 (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four
_______23. _______consist of the majority of fat in an organism. (a) saturated fats (b) carbohydrates
(c) triglycerides (d) unsaturated fats
D. Identification: Identify each of the following types of monomers or polymers.
1. _________________________________
3._________________________
2._______________________________________
4.___________________________________
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5.___________________________________
6.___________________________________
Nitrogen
Base
Phosphate
Group
Sugar
7.___________________________________
9.___________________________________
8.___________________________________
10.__________________________________
11.__________________________________
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Polymer
CARBS.
LIPIDS
Atoms
Monomers
Types
Purpose
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Polymer
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
Atoms
Monomers
Types
Purpose
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Unit Learning Map (17 days): PART 2
Chemistry of Life
Mrs. Sim
Class: Biology A – PA Standard: 3.3.10B : Describe and explain the chemical and structural basis of
living organisms.
Unit Essential Question(s):
Optional
Instructional Tools:
How do chemical
reactions impact
living organisms?
Concept
Concept
Carbon
Organic
Compounds
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
How does our body
break down and
create molecules
that are essential for
our survival?
How are the four
organic compounds
essential to the
function of living
things?
Vocabulary:
Organic
Inorganic
Hydrocarbon
Isomer
Macromolecules
Polymer
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Functional groups
Vocabulary:
Labs:
- Diet lab
- Foods lab
- Enzyme activity
Concept
Concept
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
Vocabulary:
Vocabulary:
Lipids
Fatty acids
Saturated lipid
Unsaturated lipid
Polyunsaturated
Triglycerides
Proteins
Peptide bond
Essential amino acids
Enzyme
Catalysts
Substrate
Denature
Competitive inhibitors
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
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Chemistry of Life Vocabulary:
1) Element = A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
2) Atom = Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element
3) Protons (P) = positively charged particles; found in nucleus
4) Neutrons (N) = no charge (neutral); found in nucleus
5) Electrons (e-) = (negative charge) move nearly the speed of light form a cloud around the nucleus
6) Nucleus = Center of atom; contains protons & neutrons
7) Electron cloud/energy levels – around the nucleus
8) Isotopes = Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons; Named by their
atomic mass numbers
9) Atomic Number = number of protons and/or electrons of an atom
10) Mass Number = the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom
11) Energy levels = regions around the nucleus that electrons travel
12) Octet Rule = Each energy level AFTER the first can have up to 8 electrons
13) Compound = a substance made of chemically combined elements.
14) Covalent Bonding = atoms SHARE electrons
15) Molecule = a group of covalently bonded atoms with no charge
16) Ionic Bonding = Transfer of electrons creating ions that attract each other = Ionic Bond
17) Ions = charged atoms because they have gained or lost electron(s)
18) Polar = unequal distribution of charge; Each molecule has a positive end and a negative end
19) surface tension = The polarity of water cause the surface layer of water molecules to act like a
stretched film over the surface of the
20) Chemical Reactions:
Reactants
Yields
CH4 + 2O2
Products
CO2 + 2H2O
21) Coefficients = # of molecules of a compound; Ex: 6O2 = 6 molecules of Oxygen (O)
22) Subscripts = # of atoms of an element; Ex: CH4 = 1 atom C, 4 atoms
23) Law of Conservation of Matter (atoms are never created or destroyed; they are simply rearranged!);
We balance equations so the Law of Conservation of Mater is NOT violated!
24) pH = how acidic or basic a substance is
25) Acid = substance that forms H+ (hydrogen ions) in water; (pH LESS than 7)
26) Base = substance that forms OH- (hydroxide ions) in water; (pH MORE than 7)
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27) Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon; Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
28) Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon; Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water
29) Hydrocarbon = any molecule made ONLY of hydrogen and carbon atoms!
30) Isomers = compounds that have the same formula but different structures
31) Macromolecules = extremely large compounds made of smaller ones.
32) Polymer = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together, usually in long
chains
33) Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation = The removal of –H and –OH (water)from the individual
molecules so that a bond may form between them and result in a more complex molecule
o This is represented by an equation: Monomer + Monomer ----> compound + water
34) Hydrolysis =(hydro = water, Lysis = to break) The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into
smaller compounds (monomers) through the addition of -H and –OH (water).
o This is represented by an equation: Compound + water ----> monomerss
35) Carbohydrates = Compounds used for storage and release of energy; Made of C, H, O atoms; Ratio
is 2 Hydrogen atoms : 1 Oxygen atom
36) Monosaccharide = (C6H12O6); simple sugar; Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose; Only form our body
can use for energy
37) Disaccharide = (C12H22O11); double sugar made of 2 simple sugars (monosac. + monosac.); Ex:
lactose (milk sugar), maltose, sucrose (table sugar)
38) Polysaccharide = More than 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis Ex: Starch- Plant’s
energy storage; Glycogen- Animal’s energy storage; Cellulose- provides structure in plant cell walls
(cannot be digested by human body)
39) Functional groups = give a molecule distinctive properties; Alcohol Group: (-OH); Carboxyl Group:
(-COOH); Amino Group: (-NH2) allows molecule to accept ions from acids – therefore basic!
40) Lipids = Commonly called fats & oils; Contain more C-H bonds and less O atoms than
carbohydrates; Basic building blocks: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
o Functions of lipids in our body:
a)
Long term energy storage (used when carbohydrates are NOT available)
b)
Insulation
c)
Protect body tissue (cushioning)
41) Saturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms; Solid
at room temperature
42) Unsaturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with ONE double bond between the carbon atoms;
Liquid at room temperature
43) Polyunsaturated fats = more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain
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44) Triglycerides = Majority of fat in organism consist of this type of fat molecules; Derived from fats
eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates.
45) Proteins = Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S; Basic building blocks:
Amino acids
o Functions of proteins in our body:
5. Muscle contraction
6. Transport oxygen in the bloodstream
7. Provide immunity (antibodies)
8. Carry out chemical reactions
46) Peptide bond = a covalent bond that joins amino acids to each other
47) Essential Amino Acids = 10 of the 20 amino acids are “essential” because they are required by the
body but are NOT created by it
48) Enzymes = A specialized type of protein; acts like a catalyst = substance that speeds up the rate of a
chemical reaction but it is not used up in the reaction.
49) Coenzyme = an organic molecule associated with the enzyme to help in the reaction.
50) Active site = attracts and holds only specific molecules called substrates.
51) Competitive Inhibitors = a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active
site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
52) Nucleic acids = Complex polymer that stores information in cells in the form of a code; Monomer:
nucleotides, which consist of C, H, O, N, P
2 types of nucleic acids:
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the instructions for an organisms
development…..AKA genetic information
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for protein synthesis
(production)
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