Download Chapter 22 Descent With Modification 1. Compare the idea of the

BIO 102 Objectives Unit 3
Chapter 22 Descent With Modification
1. Compare the idea of the fixity of species with modern evolutionary thought
2. Describe the binomial nomenclature system devised by Carolus Linnaeus and provide
examples
3. Discuss the work of Charles Lyell in geology that incorporates uniformitarianism
4. Explain how two of Lamarck’s explanations for the mechanism of evolution -- use and
disuse, and acquired characteristics were not validated. Use the example of the giraffe neck.
5. Discuss the findings Charles Darwin presented in On the Origin of Species including the
concepts of random variation, number of offspring produced vs resources, survival of the
fittest, reproductive fitness, and descent with modification
6. List some of the species in the Galapagos islands that Darwin observed while on the Beagle
7. Explain how traits selected upon by nature may be preserved in a population as adaptations
8. Associate the idea of a common ancestor between related species suggests a unity of life
that developed over millions of years
9. Observe that evolutionary trees unite species using evolutionarily shared characteristics
10. Explain why individuals do not evolve genetically while populations do
11. Define the term “fossil” and explain how fossils form
12. Examine skeletal evidence that whales evolved from a land mammal
13. Examine mammalian forelimb in humans, cats, whales, and bats and explain why these
structures are considered to be homologous
14. Observe that embryology supports the finding that vertebrate animals share a common
developmental plan
15. Provide examples of vestigial structures in snakes and how vestigial structures can provide
information on ancestry
16. Examine genetic homology in protein sequence and how amino acid sequence differences
support anatomical data as evidence evolutionary relatedness among species
17. Provide examples of convergent evolution in Australian and North American mammals
18. Explain how geographical changes can affect species radiation and extinction patterns. Use
the example of changes since Pangaea.
19. Discuss the role of sexual selection in the peacock (video)
20. Analyze the experiment in guppy predation that provides direct evidence of genetic change
over time in a population.
21. Contrast between a hypothesis and a theory in science
BIO 102 Objectives Unit 3
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations
1. Contrast phenotypic and genotypic variation
2. Explain how the frequency of heterozygosity in a species or population relates to genetic
diversity
3. Discuss the cheetah population as an example of the potential effects of low genetic
diversity
4. Read about the mice populations on the Madeira Islands and their evolution as isolated
groups
5. Examine a geographical cline
6. View a point mutation in DNA and its potential neutral, harmful, or beneficial effects on
fitness
7. Review and summarize a paper on gene duplication
8. Examine the mutation rate in plants and animals
9. Review the generation of genetic diversity via mutation, independent assortment, and
sexual reproduction
10. List the assumptions made in Hardy Weinberg model of a population that is not evolving
11. Examine the effect natural selection and genetic drift of allele frequencies
12. Describe adaptive evolution with respect to changes in allele frequencies in a population
13. Analyze the effect of DDT on the adaptive evolution of Drosophila in the United States
14. Contrast between the founder effect and bottleneck mechanisms of genetic drift
15. Examine how harmful allele frequency, general changes in allele frequencies, and a
decrease in genetic diversity can arise via genetic drift
16. Explain why natural selection is a blend of chance and selection
17. Describe the effect of drought on the ground finch population genetics in the Galapagos
island of Daphne Major. Interpret a graph correlating beak size with survival.
18. Compare directional, disruptive, and balancing forms of natural selection, providing an
example of each.
19. View a video of sexual selection the peacock
20. Examine sexual dimorphism
21. Compare intrasexual and intrasexual forms of sexual selection
22. Explain why diploidy maintains genetic diversity in a population by maintaining recessive
alleles
23. Analyze the heterozygote advantage in malarial infection outcomes in humans
24. Provide evidence for why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms
BIO 102 Objectives Unit 3
Chapter 24 The Origin of Species
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Define speciation, microevolution, and macroevolution
Explain the biological species concept and the concept of reproductive isolation
Define gene pool
Compare pre-zygotic and post-zygotic species barriers and provide examples of each
Provide examples as to why hybrids may be reproductively unfit
Describe the mechanism of allopatric speciation and the role of natural selection in the
development of new species
7. View examples of allopatric speciation in frogs, salamanders, and rodents
8. Define sympatric speciation and examine variables such as polyploidy, habitat selection.
9. Discuss the formation of hybrid zones and three possible outcomes of a hybrid zone –
reproductive barriers strengthened, weakened, or creation of a stable zone
10. Examine the genetic barrier to reproduction in the Japanese snail
Chapter 25 Life on Earth
1. Know dates for evidence of: life on earth, eukaryotes, Cambrian explosion, Permian
extinction, Cretaceous extinction
2. Describe the use of C-14 in radiometric dating, the isotopes half life and usefulness
3. Examine the geological eras of living organisms – Paleozoic, Metazoic, and Cenozoic
4. Define stromatolite
5. Describe, in general, the size and structure of animals prior to the Cambrian explosion
6. List some of the types of animals that developed during the Cambrian explosion
7. Identify one major adaptation required for life in a terrestrial environment
8. Define mass extinction
9. Describe the Permian extinction, where, when, how. Produce a flow chart reflecting the
current scientific model for this extinction.
10. Describe the Cretaceous extinction – when, how
11. Explain why once a species has become extinct, it does not return
12. Discuss some of the consequences of mass extinctions including adaptive radiation, loss of
adaptations and species
13. Provide an explanation for why mammals during reign of dinosaurs were small, nocturnal
14. Provide an explanation for the adaptive radiation of mammal species after the Cretaceous
extinction
15. Explain what is meant by “evolution has no goal”
16. Discuss functionality of the complex primate eye compared to simpler light sensing organs
17. Examine the history of the horse as an example of an evolutionary trend in size.
18. Compare mammalian and cynodont ear structures
BIO 102 Objectives Unit 3
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology
1. Define: ecology, environmentalism
2. Read an excerpt of Rachel Carson’s book, Silent Spring
3. Examine factors that affect species distribution
4. Differentiate between range expansion and transplantation
5. Examine Kudzu and the brown tree snake as invasive, transplanted species
6. Discuss habitat selection and behavior as a species distribution factor
7. List biotic and abiotic factors that affect species distribution
8. Discuss aquatic biomes including wetlands, lakes, streams and rivers, estuaries, intertidal
zones, oceanic pelagic zones, coral reefs, and marine benthic zones
9. Discuss terrestrial biomes including tropical forest, savanna, desert, chaparral, temperate
grasslands, temperate broadleaf forest, northern coniferous forest, and tundra
Chapter 54 Community Ecology
1. Define interspecific competition and provide an example
2. Examine competitive exclusion in a study on two species of Paramecium and provide a
hypothesis for why one species might have a selective advantage over the other
3. Discuss the partitioning of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean to illustrate niche development
4. Distinguish between habitat and niche
5. Compare the fundamental and realized niche of barnacle species
6. Explain why character displacement is more pronounced in sympatric species
7. List various predator adaptations and provide an example of aggressive mimicry
8. List prey adaptations and provide examples of Batesian mimicry and aposematic mimicry
9. Distinguish between mimicry and camouflage (cryptic coloration)
10. Examine various plant adaptations to deter herbivory including chemicals and thorns
11. Explain why parasitism is considered to be a form of symbiosis. Provide examples of
parasitism – endoparasites and ectoparasites
12. Detail effect of parasitism on the survival of the moose population on Lake Superior island
13. Use the acacia and ant relationship to provide an example of mutualism
14. Distinguish between mutualism and commensalism
15. Examine relative abundance and species richness in 2 hypothetical communities
16. Define trophic level and view producers and consumers in a food chain
17. Explain why some species in a food web occupy multiple trophic levels
18. Provide examples of keystone species, dominant species, and foundation species
19. Discuss the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (video)
20. Relate community ecology to an understanding of the evolution and transmission of
zoonotic disease