Download CHAPTER 14 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 14
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Section 1: The Trait Approach
Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach
Section 3: The Learning Approach
Section 4: The Humanistic Approach
Section 5: The Sociocultural Approach
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Chapter 14
Section 1: The Trait Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the main features and limitations of the
trait theory of personality?
 Personality refers to the distinctive,enduring characteristics or
patterns of behavior. An individual’s personality reveals itself
through consistent behavior in a variety of ways.
 Basic assumptions
 Each person has stable dispositions to display certain behaviors,
attitudes, and emotions.
 These dispositions or traits are general and appear in diverse
situations
 Each person has a different set of traits
 Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell.
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Chapter 14
Section 1: The Trait Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the main features and limitations of the
trait theory of personality?
TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY
Main features:
 Focus on cataloging traits
 Examining where traits come from
 Which traits are predominant
Limitations:
 Pigeonholing people according to oversimplified
characteristics
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Chapter 14
Section 1: The Trait Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the Five Factor Model?
Factor I: Extroversion
Factor II: Agreeableness
Factor III: Conscientiousness
Factor IV: Emotional Stability-Instability
Factor V: Openness to Experience
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Chapter 14
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 14
Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What impact has the psychoanalytic theory of
personality had, and how has the theory been
modified since Freud’s time?
•Freud has had a number of intellectual heirs and his ideas have
strongly influenced psychology
• Freud was an important champion of the idea that human
personality and behavior should be subject to scientific
knowledge
• Later practitioners of psychoanalysis placed less emphasis on
unconscious motives and more emphasis on social
relationships
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Chapter 14
Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What impact has the psychoanalytic theory of
personality had, and how has the theory been
modified since Freud’s time?
Freud’s Theory emphasized three main points:
(1) childhood experiences determine adult
personality
(2) unconscious mental processes influence
everyday behavior
(3) conflict influences most human behavior.
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Chapter 14
Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach
8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 14
Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are Freud’s personality component? When do they
develop and how do they function?
Id: develops at birth and functions as pleasure principle,
unconscious instincts, irrational, seeks instant
gratification and contains the libido
Ego: develops around 6 months and functions as reality
principle, mediates id and reality and is the executive
branch.
Superego: develops around 6 years old, functions as the
morality principle, personal conscience and personal
ideals.
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Chapter 14
Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are Freud’s defense mechanisms?
 Defense Mechanisms: are unconscious methods used by the ego to distort
reality and thereby protect us from anxiety, which results from the
irrational pleasure demands of the id or from the superego causing guilty
feelings
 Rationalization
 Repression
 Reaction Formation
 Regression
 Projection
 Displacement
 Sublimation
 Intellectualization
 Denial
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Chapter 14
Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development?
Oral Stage: 0-18 months; fixation obsessive eating, smoking,
drinking sarcasm, overly demanding and aggressiveness
Anal Stage: 18-36 months; fixation extreme messiness, overly
orderly, overly concerned about punctuality, fear of dirt, love
of bathroom humor, anxiety about sexual activities, overly
giving and rebelliousness
Phallic Stage: 3-6 years; fixation excessive masturbation, flirts
frequently, excessive modesty, excessively timid, overly proud
and promiscuity.
Latency Stage: 6-12 years
Genital Stage: puberty onward
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Chapter 14
Section 3: The Learning Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What do learning theorists believe are the
influences on and motivations for behavior?
 The Behaviorist perspective is that personality is a
collection of learned behavior patterns acquired
through classical and operant conditioning, social
learning, discrimination and generalization
 Social Learning Theorists emphasize behavior,
environment and cognition as important determinates
of personality. Believe we can control our own
behavior despite environmental changes.
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Chapter 14
Section 3: The Learning Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What do learning theorists believe are the
influences on and motivations for behavior?
INFLUENCES AND MOTIVATIONS
FOR BEHAVIOR
 James B. Watson claimed that external forces or
influences shape people’s behavior. B.F. Skinner
 Social Learning theorists also emphasized
socialization in shaping behavior, include Albert
Bandura, Walter Mischel and Julian Rotter.
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Chapter 14
Section 4: The Humanistic Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How does the humanistic approach view the role
of the self and free choice in shaping behavior?
SELF AND FREE CHOICE IN BEHAVIOR
 The Humanistic approach stresses each person’s
capacity for personal growth, positive growth, free
will, and freedom to choose one’s destiny. Optimistic
response to the pessimistic psychodynamic approach.
 Focuses on conscious experience
 Include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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Chapter 14
Section 5: The Sociocultural Approach
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How does the sociocultural approach view the
importance of ethnicity, gender, culture, and
socioeconomic status in the development of personality?
EVALUATION OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL
APPROACH
 Sociocultural factors of ethnicity, gender, culture and
socioeconomic status are internalized and affect all of
us and touch many aspects of personality
 Without reference to sociocultural factors we cannot
understand how individuals think, behave, and feel
about themselves within a given cultural setting
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