* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 12-03
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Neural oscillation wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Pre-Bötzinger complex wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 12/03/12 Autonomic Nervous System Hypothalamus Somatic Nervous System Conscious cortical control of motor activity Myelinated innervation of skeletal muscles No synapses outside of CNS – innervation by lower motor neurons (LMN) Active only when stimulated Acetylcholine excitatory input to target Autonomic Terminology Preganglionic neurons – visceral motor neurons located in brainstem and spinal cord, synapse in autonomic ganglion, use acetylcholine Axons of ganglionic neurons are called postganglionic axons o Cell body in autonomic ganglia o Innervate visceral effectors: Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissues, blood vessels Autonomic Nervous System Involuntary control of visceral function Unmyelinated innervation of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and internal organs One synapce in PNS within ganglion Excitatory and inhibitory modulation of intrinsic target activity Utilizes multiple neurotransmitters and receptors How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ? Somatic o Conscious control; one neuron; one neurotransmitter (ACh); Myelinated axon innervates effector; Innervate skeletal muscle; Only active when stimulated Autonomic o Involuntary; Unmyelinated axon innervated effector; Two neurons; Two neurotransmitters (ACh & NE); Innervates viscera; Always active, modulate activity Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System o “Fight or Flight” Readies the body for crisis Increase in sympathetic activity: Stimulates tissue metabolism Increases alertness o Preganglionic neurons are located in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (T1-L3) o Preganglionic axons are short since the sympathetic ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, but are highly branched to innervate many targets o Postganglionic axons are very long Parasympathetic Nervous System o “Rest and Digest” Stimulates visceral activity Conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities o Preganglionic neurons located in brainstem and sacral spinal cord o Preganglionic axons are long since parasympathetic ganglia are located close to target organ and branch very little to give finer control o Postganglionic axons are short Enteric Nervous System Third division of Autonomic NS Contains same neurotransmitters as found in the brain Allows for complex visceral reflexes to be coordinated locally Autonomic Integration Medulla Oblongata o Contains nuclei involved in: salvation; swallowing; digestive secretions; peristalsis (visceral movements); urinary function o Regulated by hypothalamus Hypothalamus o Interacts with all other portions of brain o Command center for homeostatic control o The Hypothalamus regulates all autonomic functions (“the boss”) Reticular formation of brain stem regulation of pupil size, respiration, heart, blood pressure, swallowing, etc. (Cranial Nerves) Spinal Cord Urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation reflexes (Spinal Nerves) o Maintains homeostatic setpoints o Part of the Diencephalon – lies below the thalamus External Structures of the Hypothalamus Mamillary bodies: o Process olfactory and other sensory information o Control reflexive eating movements: In the movie Awakenings the people who were ‘frozen’ ate using the reflex centers here and the swallowing centers in the medulla Infundibulum: connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland The Hypothalamus is made of many small nuclei (neuron clusters) Each individual nucleus has a unique function. The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine system via the pituitary Hypothalamus makes releasing factors to stimulate the pituitary gland Pituitary gland makes stimulating factors to stimulate glands to make hormones The hypothalamus regulates circadian (daily) rhythms “Biologic Clock” is the suprachiasmatic nucleus Regulation of Pineal Gland (melatonin) The hypothalamus regulates water balance Regulates kidney function (retain water) Supraoptic nucleus secretes antidiuretic hormone Damage to supraoptic nucleus results in diabetes insipidus = pee more + drink more “Thirst Center” Stimulates drinking behavior The hypothalamus regulates food intake “Satiety Center” regulates fullness, suppresses eating behavior “Feeding Center” stimulates food consumption Responds to peripheral signals o Leptin from fat cells inhibit feeding o Ghrelin from stomach stimulate feeding o Insulin from pancreas inhibit feeding Genetic contribute to Obesity; Environmental factors contribute as well The hypothalamus regulates body temperature Preoptic area of hypothalamus is the site of the body’s “thermostat” Initiates sweating (to reduce body heat) Initiates shivering (to increase body heat) Thermoregulatory sweating is regulated by hypothalamus Emotional sweating is regulated by the limbic system The hypothalamus controls the ANS Hypothalamic neurons send axons down the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse in areas controlling: o Cardiovascular function (heart rate, blood pressure) o Respiration o Digestion o Reproduce Activity + Much more The hypothalamus regulates MANY behaviors via its interaction with the limbic system