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Transcript
cell differentiation cell specialization • multicellularity • probably evolved many times • provides opportunity of specialization of cells • a step above colonial organization • cells perform special functions • differentiation of cells • stem cells (pluripotent) • defined by pattern of regulated gene expression plant cell types plant cell types • parenchyma • relatively less differentiated cells • thin cell walls • large tonoplast • collenchyma • unevenly thickened cell walls • used for support • celery plant cell types plant cell specialization • sclerenchyma • lignified secondary cell walls • fibers or sclereids (stone cells) • dead when functionally mature • plant tissues • dermal • root hairs • guard cells • vascular • xylem • phloem • ground • meristem root hairs (trichomes) guard cells and stomata • epidermis • atrichoblasts • trichoblasts • nucleus moves into root • guard cells • microtubules • synthesis of cellulose • cell walls of variable thickness • dorsal wall thinner than ventral wall • radial arrangement of microfibrils hormone abscissic acid causes K+ to rush out • hair tip • actin filaments • growth • dense mesh of filaments at tip • dynamic microtubules • nucleus associated MTs • involved in directionality of root hair growth of cell • loss of turgor pressure animal cell specialization animal cell specialization • amoebocytes • archaeocytes - sponges • hemocytes - arthropods • represent a variety of cells in • cnidocytes • nematocyst • stylets • thread • cnidocil • trigger different organisms pulling fluid into tubules integument cells • flame cells • protonephridia • rotifers, flatworms, some annelids • solenocytes • protonephridia • priapulida, gastrotrichs • syncytial tegument • Platyhelminthes - Nucleus of cap cell Cilia Interstitial fluid flow Tubule cell flatworms • tegument • Nemata - roundworms • hypodermis spine distal cytoplasm muscle internuncial process golgi • generates collagenous cuticle nucleus tegument cell body Flame bulb Opening in body wall mitochondrion nematode body wall parenchymal cell Tubule Tubules of protonephridia trematode body wall pigment cells • chromatophores • large cells with branching processes • arthropods, cephalopods, reptiles, amphibians, fish • melanophores • xanthophores • iridophores / guanocytes animal cell specialization • hair cells • neuromast cells • lateral line system stereocilia of hair cell bone cells (vertebrates) • osteoblasts (osteocytes) • connected by tight junctions • connected to each other via filopodia (canaliculi) • gap junctions • lacunae • Haversian canal • blood vessels • nerves
