Download Bio40S Review

Biology40SReview
1.WhyistheXchromosomeconsideredtobegeneticallystrongerthantheY?
2.CouldDNAbeconsideredtobeanenzyme?
3.IfafemalehasthegenotypeXcXc,issheconsideredtobeacarrier?
4.Placethefollowinginthecorrectorder:tRNA,Protein,DNA,RNA.
a.Whatistheaboveprocesscalled?
5.Whichofthefollowinggenotypescanprotectyouagainstmalaria:HbnHbn,
HbnHbs,HbsHbs.(n‐normal;s=sicklecell)Why?
6.a)Lossofapieceofchromosomeisknownas:
b)Gainofapieceofchromosomeisknownas:
c)Addingapieceofchromosomeisknownas:
7.Nondisjunctioninamalesexchromosomecouldresultinwhatsyndrome(show
allpossibilities)?
8.Whatisthedifferencebetweeninbreedingandoutbreeding?
9.Howarethefollowingtermsdifferent:anticodon,codeandcodon?Explain.
10.Aredominantgenesalwaysmorecommonthanrecessivegenes?Explain.
11.Willadominantgenehavethesamephenotypeexpressioninthehomozygous
orheterozygouscondition?
12.a)Whatenzymeaddsprimers?
b)Whydoyouneedprimers?
13.Areanyofthefollowingcodonsstartcodons?AAA,UUU,UCC.Explain.
14.a)InaDNAdoublehelixwhatmoleculesfromtherungs?
b)Whatmoleculesformthesides?
c)Whatmoleculesdonitrogenbasesalwaysattachtoinasinglepolynucleotide
chain?
15.Ifamaleiscolourblind,whatdoesthispossibletellyouabouthisparents?
16.WhatdowemeanwhenwesaythatanF1plantisallowedtoselfpollinate?
17.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotoccurinthenucleus:DNAsynthesis,replication,
transcription,translation?
A)Ifitdoesn’ttakeplaceinthenucleus,wheredoesittakeplace?
18.mRNAiseditedbeforeitattachestoribosomes,howisthisdone?
19.Inhuman,howmanypairsofhologouschromosomeswouldyouendupwithat
theendof:Mitosis,Meiosis
20.Isitpossiblethatatruebreedingorganismcouldshowadominantora
recessivephenotype?Explain.
21.WhenMendelcrossedtwotruebreedingpeas(betweenwhiteandpurple,for
example)theF2generationalwaysyieldsthefollowing:
a.GenotypicRatio
b.PhenotypicRatio.
22.T‐Tall,t‐short,R‐round,r‐wrinkled
Ifyoumateaplantthatisheterozygousforbothcharacteristicswithanotherofthe
samegenotype,whatfractionoftheoffspringwillbetallandwrinkled?
Whatfractionwillalsobeshortandround?
23.Twoheterozygoustallroundplantsarecrossed,theprobabilityofoneoftheir
offspringbeingshortis¼theprobabilityofoneoftheoffspringbeingwrinkledis¼.
Whatistheprobabilitythattheoneoftheiroffspringwillbeshortwithwrinkled
seeds?
24.Abrownmouseismatedtoawhitemouseandalloftheoffspringarebrown,
couldthebrownmousebeahybrid?
a)Iftwooffspringfromtheabovecrossaremated,whatfractionoftheoffspring
willbewhite?Whatfractionwillbehomozygous?Heterozygous?
b)WhatcouldyoudotofindoutthegenotypeofoneoftheaboveF2brownmice?
25.BothDNAandRANarepolymersmadeupofsubunitscalled__________________.
26.WhendoesDNAreplicationalwaystakeplace?
27.WhichofthefollowingisneededforDNAreplication?RNAreplication?
Ribosomes,tRNA,mRNA,RNApolymerase,nucleotides,DNAsensestrand,DNA
polymerase.
28.Ifaredeyeddrosophilafemale,heterozygousforwhiteeyesismatedtoared
eyedmale,whatwillbethephenotypicratiosforsexandeyecolourintheir
offspring?
29.Listthegenotypesofthefollowing:
a)AmaleheterozygousforchinchillaandHimalayan.
b)Afemaleheterozygousforhimalayanandalbino.
c)Whatkindofoffspringcantheyhaveandinwhatproportion?
30.Isitpossiblefortwonormalvisionedpeopletohave:
a)Acolourblindson?
b)Acolourblinddaughter?
31.Iftwopeopleofnormalvisionhaveacolourblindson,
a)Whatistheprobabilitythattheirnexsonwillbecolourblind?
b)Whatarethechancesthattheirnextchildwillbecolourblind?
32.Inpeaplantsthegenefortall(T)isdominantoverthegeneforshort(t)andthe
geneforround(R)isdominantoverthegeneforwrinkled(r).
a)Whatisthegenotypeofapuretallroundpeaplant?
b)Howmanydifferentkindsofgametescanitproduce?
c)Whatisthegenotypeofapuretallhybridroundpeaplant?
d)Howmanydifferentkindsofgametescanbeproduced?
e)Whatisthegenotypeofashortwrinkledseedplant?
f)Howmanydifferentkindsofgamescanbeproduced?
33.Atallroundseededplantofunknowngenotypeiscrossedwithapeaplant
homozygousforbothrecessivetraits.Doapunnetsquareforeachofthefollowing
offspringphenotypicratioscenariostodeterminethegenotypesoftheparents.
a)4tallround:4tallwrinkled:4shortround:4shortwrinkledseededplants.
b)8tallround:8tallwrinkledseededplants.
c)All16offspringaretallandround.
d)8tallandround:8shortandround.
34.VitaminDresistantricketsinahumanisasexlinkeddominanttrait.
a)Whatisthegenotypeofamanwiththisdisease.
b)Whatisthegenotypeofawomanwhodoesnothavethisdisease.
c)Whatkindsofchildrencantheyhaveandwhatproportion.
35.Achondroplasia,aformofdwarfismresultingfromadefectinmetaphysical
platesforminglongbonesisanautosomaldominanttrait.Whatisthegenotypeofa
malewhodoesnothavethisdisease?
36.ConsiderthefollowingpedigreesofastraightforwardtwoalleleA,a
inheritance.
a)Doapunnettsquareforindividuals1and2.
b)Doapunnettsquareforindividuals3and4.
c)Givethepossivlegenotypesofallthepeopleinbothpedigrees.
37.Acrossbetweentwopinkflowersproducesoffspringintheratioof17red,31
pink,and19white.Whattypeofinheritanceisinvolvedanddoapunnettsquareto
proveyourchoice.
38.Inguineapigsblackcoatcolour(B)isdominanttowhite.Awhitemaleismated
totwoblackfemales.FemaleAhas9offspringallblack,femaleBhas12offspring,5
orwhicharewhite.Givethegenotypesofthe:themale_______,femaleA________,
femaleB__________.
39.Definethetermbackcrossortestcross.
40.Fillinthefollowingtable.
Transcription
Translation
Template
Location
Moleculesinvolved
Control
StartandStop
Endproduct
41.Whatisthefollowingstructure:
Label:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.Whatnumberedstructurerepresentsthe3’end?
b.Whatnumberedstructurerepresentsthe5’end?
c.MaketheabovestructureintoaDNAmolecule.
d.IftheabovestructurewasRNA,whichoftheabovenumberswouldbedifferent?
e.Howelsewouldthemoleculebedifferent?
42.BrieflydescribeinpointformtheprocessofDNAreplication.Includeinyour
answerthewelder,mainbuilder,eraser,unzipper,straightener,themainbuilders
helper,andthestarter.
43.Whataretheoriginalnamesfortheaboveandtheirfunction:
a.Thewelder
b.Unzipper
c.Mainbuilder
d.Eraser
e.Straightener
f.Mainbuildershelper
g.Starter
44.Definethefollowing:
a.Pointmutation.
b.Missensemutation.
c.Samesenseorsilentmutation.
d.Frameshiftmutation.
e.Chromosomalmutation.
f.Whichofthefollowingchromosomalmutationwouldyouneedtwodifferentkinds
ofchromosomestotheshowthemutation:inversion,deletion,polyploidy,
translocation,addition.
45.Usingthefollowingtwochromosomesandgenes,explainfourdifferentkindsof
chromosomemutation.ABCDEFGHIJKL
RSTUVWXYZ
48.SimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenDNAandRNA.
DNA
RNA
RibosePresent
PhosphatePresent
UracilPresent
GuaninePresent
Containsachemicalmessageorcode
Remainsinthenucleus
49.SimalaritiesanddifferencesbetweenmessengerRNAandtransferRNA.
mRNArRNA
Containsachemicalmessageorcode
Containsatripletonnitrogenbases
Calledacodon
Thyminepresent
Adeninepresent
Carriesanaminoacid
Singlestranded
Doublestranded
50.Brieflydescribeinpointform,theprocessoftranscriptionofgenes.
51.Brieflydescribeinpointform,theprocessofDNAreplication.
52.Thefilledinsquaresandcirclesrepresentspeoplewhoarecolourblind.Giveall
thepossibilitiesforpeople1‐14.
1._____________
4._____________
7._____________ 2._____________ 3._____________
5.____________ 6._____________
8._____________ 9._____________
10.____________
11.___________ 12.____________
13.____________
14.___________
53.Describethegenotypesandphenotypesofthefollowing:
a.AnormalXspermandanon‐disjunctioneggwithbothsexchromosomes.
+
54.IfamaleofbloodgroupAmarriesafemaleofbloodgroupB,theyhaveachildof
bloodgroupOandanotherofbloodgroupA.Whatarethegenotypesoftheparents
andchildren?Iftheyhaveanymorechildren,whatarethechancesofanAchild.
56.Usingchromosome1asatemplate,illustratewhatthegeneticsequencewould
belikeforthefollowingchromosomemutations.
Chromosome1
Chromosome2
ABCDEFGH PQRSTUVW
a)Inversion
b)Deletion
c)Translocation
d)Polyploidy
e)Addition
57.Explainhowpolyploidycanoccuringametes.
a)Theseorganismsareusuallytallerandmoreproductivethandiploidspecies,
why?
58.
59.Fillinthefollowingtable:
DNACode
mRNAcodon
tRNAcodon
AminoAcid
Methionine
TTC
GGA
Usingthechartintheabovequestion,answerthefollowingquestion.
a)IfTTCispartofasensestrandofaDNAmoleculewhatdoesTTCcodefor?
b)WhattypeofpointmutationwouldoccurinTTCwaschangedtoTTG?
c)WhatdoesTTGcodefor?
d)IfTTCwaschangedtoTTT?WhatdoesTTTcodefor?
Whattypeofpointmutationwouldoccur?
e)IfTTCwaschangedtoATCwhatdoesATCcodefor?
Whattypeofmutationwouldoccur?
f)Whattypeofpointmutationwasnotmentionedabove?
Explainhowthistypeofmutationcanoccur.
g)Explainwhetherthismutationismoreharmfulthanthemutationsmentioned
beforeit?
60.Givethefunctionsofthefollowing:
a)OP
b)StructuralGene
c)RegulatorGene
d)PromoterRegion
e)RepressorProtein
f)Aninducermolecule
g)RNApolymerase
61.Whatisasomaticcell?
62.Ahumanhashowmanychromosomesineverysomaticcell?
a)Allchromosomesinnormalbodycellscanbedividedintotwogroups.Whatare
thegroups?
63.Definethefollowingterms:
a.Homologouschromosomes
b.Codon
c.Anticodon
d.Introns
e.Exons
f.Sisterchromatids
g.Non‐sisterchromatids
h.Haploid
i.Diploid
j.n
k.2n
l.alleles
m.phenotype
n.genotype
o.polypeptide
p.replication
q.transcription
r.translation
s.eukaryoticcell
t.dominantgene
u.recessivegene
v.nondisjunction
w.inducersubstance
x.repressorsubstance
y.Okazakifragment
z.Testcross
64.Describethedifferencesbetweenthefollowing,usinggenotypesthatcouldbe
usedtoillustratetheresults.
a.Mendel’sprincipleofdominance.
b.Mendel’sprincipleofindependentassortment.
c.Mendel’sprincipleofsegregation.
65.WhatarethechromosomaldifferencesbetweenDown’ssyndromeand
Klienfelter’ssyndrome?
67.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweensexlinkedgenesandlinkedgenes?
68.List4statementsyoucanmakeaboutsexchromosomes.
69.Supposethatnondisjunctionoccurredinthesexchromosomesofafemale.
a.IftheresultingeggwasfertilizedbyaXcontainingsperm,whatwouldthe
possiblegenotypesoftheoffspringbe?
b.IffertilizationwasbyaYcontainingsperm,howwouldtheresultsdiffer?
70.ExplainthedifferencebetweenDNAchromosomeandgenesifthereisany.
71.Guineapigscaneitherbeblackorwhite.Explainacrossthatwouldproduce:
a.50%blackand50%whiteoffspring.
b.75%blackoffspring.
c.100%blackoffspring.
d.25%whiteoffspring.
72.Whatisthebestexplanationfortheinheritanceoftraitssuchashaircolourwith
awiderangeofphenotypes?
73.Listthe3maindifferencesbetweenDNAandRNA.
74.Whatarethemainfunctionofthefollowing:
a.mRNA
b.tRNA
c.rRNA
75.Weoftensaythatonegenecodesforoneprotein,butabetterexplanationwould
beonegenecodesforone_____________________________.
76.Ifafertilizedeggofaspecieshas22chromosomes:
a.Askincellwouldcontain_______chromosomes.
b.Anunfertilizedeggwouldcontain________chromosomes.
c.Asomaticcellwouldcontain__________chromosomes.
d.Aspermwouldcontain__________chromosomes.
e.Agametewouldcontain_________chromosomes.
77.Definealethalgene.
a.Whicharemorecommon:dominantorrecessivelethalgenes.Explain.