Download Vocabulario: Para Empezar

Hora ______ nombre y apellido______________________________________________
Realidades 2: Para empezar
Capítulo de repaso
Para empezar 1: ¿Cómo eres tú?
Vocabulario:
• Describing people
• Nationalities
Gramática:
• Nouns, gender, & articles
• Adjective agreement
• The verb ser
Objetivos:
• Talk about what you & other people are like
• Talk about where you & other people are from
Para empezar 2: ¿Qué haces?
Vocabulario:
• Leisure activities
• Time expressions
• Question words
Objetivos:
• Talk about you & other people
• Talk about how often you do things
• Ask & answer questions
Gramática:
• Regular verbs in the present tense
• Forming questions
Vocabulario: Para Empezar – Parte 1
adjetivos
serio, -a
serious
deportista
athletic
trabajador, trabajadora
hard-working
paciente
patient
joven, jóvenes
young
alto, -a
tall
atrevido, -a
daring
bajo, -a
short
desordenado, -a
disorganized
estudioso, -a
studious
gracioso, -a
funny
guapo, -a
good-looking
impaciente
impatient
inteligente
intelligent, smart
ordenado, -a
organized
reservado, -a
shy, reserved
sociable
sociable, out-going
viejo, -a
old
talentoso, -a
talented
perezoso, -a
lazy
verbo
ser
to be
pronombres sustantivos = subject pronouns
singulares
plurales
nosotros, nosotras we
yo
I
vosotros, vosotras you all ( familiar;
tú
you
used only in Spain)
usted / Ud.
you ( formal)
ustedes / Uds.
you all (In Spain, the
formal form)
él
he
ellos
(used for both a
group of males and a
mixed group of people)
ella
she
ellas
(used for a group
of all females)
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they
they
Gramática: Para Empezar – Parte 1
Nouns, gender & articles
• What is a noun?
• In Spanish, all nouns have gender; they are either masculine or feminine.
• Nouns that stand for people or living creatures, especially common pets, are
masculine or feminine, depending on the sex of the person or animal.
Masculine Nouns
el chico = boy
el abuelo = grandfather
el perro = male dog
el gato = male cat
Feminine Nouns
la chica = girl
la abuela = grandmother
la perra = female dog
la gata = female cat
• You cannot predict the gender of nouns that stand for non-living things. Do
not try to analyze the use the nature of the object, looking for masculinity or
femininity. For example, the noun for dress is el vestido. It’s masculine! The
noun for necktie is corbata. It’s feminine!
Masculine Nouns
el libro = book
el dinero = money
el bolígrafo = ink pen
el vestido = dress
Feminine Nouns
la carpeta = folder
la puerta = door
la casa = house
la corbata = necktie
Preguntas:
1. What do all the masculine nouns listed above have in common?
__________________________________________________________________
2. What do all the feminine nouns listed above have in common?
__________________________________________________________________
3. What do el and la mean? _______________________
4. If a noun in Spanish doesn’t end in o or a, can you predict the gender? _________
How do you have to learn the gender of most nouns that end in an e or a
consonant? ________________________________________________________
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Actividad: Fill in the definite articles (el or la) of the nouns below. You have not
studied all the nouns on the list.
____
____
____
____
____
____
clase
lápiz
deporte
señor
pez
estudiante
____
____
____
____
____
____
sol
luz
pie
profesor
paz
coche
• Some nouns are exceptions to the o / a rule. For example, the nouns below are
some common exceptions and must be memorized.
Masculine Nouns
el día
el mapa
el planeta
el sofá
Feminine Nouns
la mano
la radio
Making nouns and definite articles plural
Preguntas:
1. How do you make nouns plural in Spanish if the noun ends with…?
• a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) -- ____________________________________________
• a consonant -- ___________________________________________________
• the letter z -- ____________________________________________________
2. What happens to the definite articles (the words for the) when a noun is plural?
• In front of a masculine noun? _______________ libros
• In front of a feminine noun?
_______________ carpetas
Actividad: Fill in the plural definite articles of the nouns below.
____ abuelos
____ estudiantes
____ bicicletas
____ lápices
____ casas
____ luces
____ chicos
____ manos
____ clases
____ perros
____ coches
____ profesores
____ deportes
____ puertas
____ días
____ señores
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Adjective Agreement
• What is an adjective?
• Most adjectives in Spanish are placed AFTER the noun they modify.
• Adjectives must agree (or match) the noun they modify in gender and in number.
el chico guapo
los chicos guapos
la chica guapa
las chicas guapas
el examen difícil
los exámenes difíciles
la prueba difícil
las pruebas difíciles
•
Let’s look at some different types of adjectives.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
1
2
3
4
5
6
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
guapo
guapa
guapos
guapas
inteligente
inteligente
inteligentes
inteligentes
joven
joven
jóvenes
jóvenes
fácil
fácil
fáciles
fáciles
trabajador
trabajadora
trabajadores
trabajadoras
deportista
deportista
deportistas
deportistas
• Adjectives are made plural the same way nouns are made plural in
Spanish.
o Add –s to words that end with a vowel.
o Add –es to words that end with a consonant.
1. Most singular adjectives end with –o or –a. The –o is the masculine ending, and
the –a is the feminine ending. To make the forms plural, simply add an –s to the
singular forms. (alto Æ altos; alta Æ altas; mexicano Æ mexicanos; mexicana Æ
mexicanas; viejo Æ viejos; vieja Æ viejas)
2. If a singular adjective ends with the letter –e, the masculine and feminine forms
are the same. The plural forms add an –s to the end. (paciente Æ pacientes;
sociable Æ sociables; interesante Æ interesantes)
3-4. If a singular adjective ends with a consonant (NOT a vowel), the masculine and
feminine forms are the same. The plural form adds –es to the end. (difícil Æ
difíciles; fácil Æ fáciles)
5. If the singular form of a masculine, singular adjective ends with –r, the feminine,
singular form adds an –a. The masculine, plural form adds –es to the singular,
masculine form. The feminine, plural form adds –s to the feminine, singular form.
(trabajador Æ trabajadores; trabajadora Æ trabajadoras; hablador Æ
habldores; habladora Æ habladoras)
6. There are several adjectives and nouns that end with –ista. Both the masculine
and feminine forms end with –ista. (deportista Æ deportistas; dentista Æ
dentistas; artista Æ artistas)
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Subject Pronouns
• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. (Mary Æ she)
• Subject pronouns are the pronouns that are used as the subject of a sentence.
For example, in English we say “I love cookies”, not “Me love cookies.”
I is a subject pronoun and me is an object pronoun.
• Subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish because the verb form allows
the subject to be understood by the listener or reader. A common mistake
made by English speakers learning Spanish is the overuse of subject
pronouns, especially the pronoun “yo”.
• Subject pronouns are stated when needed for clarification or emphasis.
• Subject pronouns correspond to different verb forms in Spanish.
Singular
Plural
español
inglés
español
inglés
yo
I
nosotros, nosotras
tú
you (familiar)
vosotros, vosotras
we
you all (familiar,
usted, Ud.
you (formal)
ustedes, Uds.
él
he
ellos
ella
she
ellas
used only in Spain)
you all (formal in
Spain; Used in Latin
America for all cases
of the “plural you”
they (masc. or
mixed group)
they (feminine)
• In order to choose correct verb forms, you must first be able to understand
the relationship between nouns and pronouns.
Carlos (estudiar)
Carlos Æ él
Mi amigo y yo
(leer)
Lupe, Gabriela, y
Luis (escribir)
Las chicas
(nadar)
Los estudiantes
(hablar)
Tú y yo (ser)
Mi amigo y yo Æ (nosotros) leemos
nosotros
Lupe, Gabriela, y (ellos) escriben
Luis Æ ellos
Las chicas Æ ellas (ellas) nadan
Mi amigo y yo
leemos
Lupe, Gabriela, y
Luis escriben
Las chicas nadan
Los estudiantes Æ
ellos
Tú y yo Æ
nosotros
Tú y Pedro Æ
Uds.
(nosotros) somos
Los estudiantes
hablan
Tú y yo somos
(Uds.) son
Tú y Pedro son
Tú y Pedro (ser)
(él) estudia
(ellos) hablan
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Carlos estudia
The verb ser
• Ser means to be. It is the most commonly used verb both in Spanish and in
English.
• Ser is an irregular verb which means that it does not follow a pattern. All
forms of ser must be memorized.
• The forms of ser in Spanish and English are:
Singular
Plural
español
inglés
español
inglés
(yo) soy
(tú) eres
(Ud.) es
(él) es
(ella) es
I am (I’m)
you are
you are
he is
she is
(nosotros) somos
(vosotros) sois
(Uds.) son
(ellos) son
(ellas) son
we are (we’re)
you all are
you all are
they are
they are
• SER is often used to describe someone or something.
o Somos atrevidos.
We’re daring.
o Lucía y Mariela son sociables.
Lucía y Mariela are friendly.
• SER is also used with de to tell where someone is from or to tell their
nationality.
o Soy cubana.
I’m Cuban.
o Mis abuelos son de Cuba.
My grandparents are from Cuba.
o ¿De dónde eres?
Where are you from?
Adjetivos de Nacionalidad
• Learn the adjectives below for recognition only. You don’t need to learn how to
spell these words.
• Note that adjectives of nationality are NOT capitalized in Spanish.
País
Nacionalidad
País
Nacionalidad
Argentina
argentino,-a
Honduras
hondureño,-a
Bolivia
boliviano,-a
México
mexicano,-a
Chile
chileno,-a
Nicaragua
nicaragüense
Colombia
colombiano,-a
Panamá
panameño,-a
Costa Rica
costarricense (tico,- Paraguay
paraguayo,-a
a)*
Perú
peruano,-a
Cuba
cubano,-a
Puerto Rico
puertorriqueño-,a
(boricua)*
Ecuador
ecuatoriano,-a
dominicano,-a
El Salvador
salvadoreño,-a
República
Dominicana
España
español, española
Guatemala
guatemalteco,-a
Uruguay
uruguayo,-a
Venezuela
venezolano,-a
* Tico and boricua are colloquial terms used among Costa Ricans and Puerto Ricans to
describe themselves. These terms are used affectionately and are not offensive.
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Vocabulario: Para Empezar – Parte 2
Verbos / actividades
hablar
to talk, to speak
vivir
to live
bailar
to dance
caminar
to walk
cantar
to sing
comer
to eat
correr
to run
dibujar
to draw
escribir cuentos
to write stories
escuchar música
to listen to music
esquiar
to ski
leer revistas
to read magazines
montar en bicicleta
to ride a bike
montar en monopatín
to skateboard
nadar
to swim
pasar tiempo
to spend time
patinar
to skate
practicar deportes
to practice sports
ser
to be
tocar la guitarra
to play the guitar
tomar el sol
to sunbathe
usar la computadora
to use the computer
expresiones de tiempo
a menudo
often
antes (de)
before
a veces
sometimes
después (de)
after
el fin de semana
weekend
nunca
never
siempre
always
todos los días
everyday
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palabras interrogativas
¿Quién? ¿Quiénes?
Who? Whom?
¿Cómo?
How?
¿De dónde?
Where from?
¿Adónde?
Where to?
¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles?
Which (one/ones)?
¿Cuándo?
When?
¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta?
How much?
¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas?
How many?
¿Dónde?
Where?
¿Por qué?
Why?
¿Qué?
What?
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Gramática: Para Empezar – Parte 2
Regular verbs in the present tense
• Regular verbs follow a pattern. The memorized pattern will apply to all
regular verbs.
• An infinitive is the basic form of the verb. It is NOT conjugated.
• In Spanish all infinitives end with –ar, -er, or –ir. (hablar, comer, vivir)
• In English all infinitives begin with the word to. (to speak, to eat, to live)
• When you change a verb into forms that agree with (or match) the subject of
the sentence, it is called conjugating the verb.
• To conjugate a verb in the present tense, take off the –ar, -er, or –ir on the
end of the infinitive, and then add the endings to the stem of the verb. The
stem is the part of the infinitive in front of the –ar, -er, or –ir ending.
Infinitive
hablar
comer
vivir
estudiar
leer
escribir
Stem
habl
com
viv
estudi
le
escrib
Ending
ar
er
ir
ar
er
ir
• The conjugations of regular verbs in the present tense are:
-ar verbs Æ hablar
(yo)
(tú)
(Ud.)
(él)
(ella)
hablo
hablas
habla
-er verbs Æ comer
(nosotros) hablamos
(vosotros) habláis
(Uds.)
(ellos)
hablan
(ellas)
(yo) como
(tú) comes
(Ud.)
(él) come
(ella)
(nosotros) comemos
(vosotros) coméis
(Uds.)
(ellos)
comen
(ellas)
-ir verbs Æ vivir
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(yo) vivo
(nosotros) vivimos
(tú) vives
(Ud.)
(él) vive
(ella)
(vosotros) vivís
(Uds.)
(ellos)
viven
(ellas)
Question formation
• Use an inverted question mark at the beginning of all questions in Spanish.
• The most common way to form a yes / no question in Spanish is to invert
(reverse) the order of the subject and verb. Do NOT use a questions word.
Most yes / no questions in Spanish begin with a VERB.
Statement
María Teresa es de Ecuador.
Su hermano se llama Miguel.
Yes / No Question
¿Es María Teresa de Ecuador?
¿Se llama su hermano Miguel?
•
To form an information question you will use a question word. (Palabras
interrogativas on vocabulary list).
•
The word order of an information question is usually:
¿Question word Æ verb Æ (subject) Æ (rest of the sentence)?
¿Dónde vive José?
¿Dónde vives?
¿Cuándo van las chicas al cine?
¿Por qué no está Raquel en clase hoy?
•
If there is a preposition such as con, de, en, or a, place the preposition at
the beginning of the sentence in front of the question word.
¿Preposition Æ question word Æ verb Æ (subject )Æ (rest of the sentence)?
¿De dónde es Pablo?
¿De dónde eres?
¿Con quién vives?
¿Adónde van Juanito y Inés?
¿En qué clase está Alberto a las dos y media?
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