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ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE - GLOSSARY The following glossary should be used as a quick reference guide to the key linguistic and literary terms you are expected to know. Always refer back to your original notes for a full explanation of how to identify and use these words in context. Parts of Speech: Noun – the name given to a person, place, feeling or thing Proper nouns have capital letters Abstract nouns are concepts and ideas – things you cannot see or touch e.g. fear, wisdom etc. Pronouns – words used in place of nouns e.g. he, she, we, they, it. Adjective – any word or words used to describe a noun Adverb – a word used to tell us more about a verb. NB – adverbs often end in the letters ‘ly’ e.g. slowly, hurriedly, craftily etc. Adverbs can also be indicators of time and place e.g. today, yesterday, here, now. Verb – a word that indicates doing or being e.g. eating, living or one that describes states e.g. seems Conjunction – the name for any word used to join different parts of a sentence together e.g. and, but, so, because, or etc. Preposition – a word that relates one word to another e.g. in, on, under, with etc. Modal auxiliary – one of a number of verbs designed to help make clearer the main or lexical verb e.g. might, could, should, etc. Sentence Types: Interrogative – a question Imperative – a command Declarative – a statement Exclamatory – a word or sentence ending in an exclamation mark. General linguistic terms you should know: Graphology – the term used to describe the overall layout of a text and the marks on the page Phonology – the name given to the sounds in spoken language Lexis – vocabulary Semantics – meanings Semantic field – a group of words taken from one topic or subject that have related meanings Modifier – a word that provides more meaning about its head word, which can be a noun, adjective or verb. Pre-modifiers are placed before the head word, post-modifiers are placed after. Connotations – the associations that a word has Pragmatics – looking at what a speaker means rather than what s/he says Genre – the type or category of text Context – any of a number of factors affecting the production and reception of a text. Contextual variations include: age, gender, race, class, social status, historical period etc. Non-Fluency features – those features characteristic of spoken language but not usually found in written texts e.g. repetition, false starts, hesitations, self-correction, incomplete utterances etc. Accent – the way in which we pronounce our words Dialect – regional variations in spelling and sentence grammar Register – the degree of formality or informality of speech or writing