Download Inheritance and Adaptations

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Date
Inheritance and Adaptations
LESSON 1
Inheritance and Traits 25 points
Directions: On the line before each clue, write the term (in yellow or green) that
matches it correctly. Then answer the questions that follow.
__________
__________
1. how a trait appears
2. permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a
gene
__________
__________
3. passing of traits from generation to generation
4. all the members of a species living in a given
area
__________
__________
__________
5. organism’s complete set of genes
6. distinguishing characteristic of an organism
7. section of DNA that has genetic information for
one trait
__________
8. without a definite aim
Period
220 total points
Use Probability
Genes are chemical codes that carry information about how an organism
grows and functions. The genes in a cell are grouped into larger molecules called
chromosomes. A body cell contains two different versions of each chromosome.
Many animals and plants pass genes to their offspring by sexual reproduction.
During sexual reproduction, the chromosomes are duplicated and then divided
into egg or sperm cells. An egg or sperm cell contains a single
version of each chromosome.
The possible number of unique combinations of chromosomes in an egg or
sperm cell depends on the number of chromosomes in the organism. The formula
2n predicts the number of chromosome combinations, where n is the total number
of chromosomes divided by two.
The expression 2n is a short way to write repeated multiplication of a number
by itself. The base is the number, 2, and the exponent is the raised number, n. The
exponent shows the number of times you multiply the base by itself. You might
need to use a calculator to solve
the problems.
A pea plant has 14 chromosomes. How many different combinations of
chromosomes can be produced in the offspring?
Step 1
Divide the number of chromosomes by 2.
14 chromosome
7
2
Step 2
Substitute for n in the expression 2n.
2n = 27 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 128
9. What do phenotypes result from?
Practice show all work (3 points each)
1. A mosquito has 6 chromosomes. How many different chromosome
combinations can form in the offspring?
10. How do most mutations occur? Provide an example that illustrates
this type of mutation.
2. Corn has 20 chromosomes. How many different chromosome
combinations can form in the offspring?
3. A human has 46 chromosomes. How many different chromosome
combinations can form in the offspring?
4. A capuchin monkey has 54 chromosomes. How many different
chromosome combinations can form in the offspring?
Buffalo Book 20
Page 1
Standad 4
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Name_________________________
Date
Genetics in Our Lives Video Review
You Decide! 1. Where are chromosomes located?
You Observe! 2. Describe the shape of a DNA molecule.
You Compute! 3. When the sperm and egg combine, does the
new organism have the full number of chromosomes or half?
You Predict! 4. What happens when you cross a horse and a
donkey?
You Decide! 5. What is a genome?
Video Quiz:
1. ______________ is the study of the process of
heredity.
2. _______________ are rod-shaped structures which
contain genetic material.
3.
_____________ is the genetic material in
chromosomes.
4. DNA controls __________ passed from parents to
offspring.
5. The shape of DNA is a double ______________.
6. A new organism contains genetic material from
_________ parents.
7. _________________ breeding is the process of
breeding things to produce certain traits.
8. A _____________ organism has two genetically
different genes for a particular trait.
Period
25 points this page
Genetics in Our Lives Post Assessment
1. Genes are found on structures called _____________.
2. ________________ organisms have genes that are
very similar to their parents.
3. The shape of DNA is in the form of a double _________.
4. A _________________ is all the genes possessed by
an organism.
5. Heredity is the passing on of _____________ from
parents to offspring.
6. Crossing a horse and a donkey is an example of
__________________.
7. ___________ is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic
acid.
8. A _________________ organism has been altered
by adding a gene from a different species.
9. The process by which DNA is reproduced is called DNA
_________________.
10. ________________ is the scientific investigation of
the process of heredity.
genome
DNA
traits
inbred
helix
genetic
chromosomes
replication
outbreeding
transgenic
9. ___________________ DNA is the result of
inserting a DNA segment from one organism into another.
10. A _______________ is all the genes in an organism.
Buffalo Book 20
Page 2
Standad 4
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Name_________________________
Date
Period
Sickle-Cell Allele and Malaria
The allele for sickle-cell disease is most common in people of
African ancestry. The reason for this probably has to do with the
relationship between the sickle-cell trait and malaria. Malaria, a disease
common in parts of Africa, affects red blood cells. Carriers of the
sickle-cell allele are resistant to malaria. Scientists think that the sicklecell trait helps carriers resist malaria. Map A shows the distribution of
malaria worldwide today, and Map B shows the distribution of the sicklecell allele.
Malaria is a disease carried by mosquitoes in some parts of Africa.
These mosquitoes have a tiny parasite in their saliva. When the mosquito
bites a human, it injects some saliva into the blood--and along with it
comes the parasite. These parasites invade your red blood cells and
multiply inside them. The red blood cells burst and die--sending more
parasites into the blood. Some of the symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea,
and headache, to name a few. If left untreated, it could kill.
Africans who have sickle-cell anemia do not get Malaria. It is
common that people who have sickle-cell anemia are more resistant to the
malaria parasite. (A parasite is an organism that lives and feeds on or in
another organism.)
A normal red blood cell (like what is found in your body) looks
similar to the cells on the top.
Buffalo Book 20
Page 3
Standad 4
Answer the following questions. (20 points)
1. In the empty circle draw the blood cells of a
person with sickle-cell anemia. (BB page 523)
2. Where is malaria most common today?
3. Where is the sickle-cell allele most frequent?
4. Based on the fact that malaria is caused by a microscopic parasite that
infects the blood, why would people with sickle-cell trait be resistant to malaria?
5. How does having sickle-cell anemia increase your chance of survival if you
live in Ghana, Africa?
6. Is there an advantage to having sickle-cell anemia if you live in the U.S.?
Describe
7. Suppose malaria were eliminated as a human disease. Predict how the
frequency of the sickle-cell allele might change over time. Explain.
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Name_________________________
Date
Parthenogenesis
15 points
Some female animals that usually
reproduce sexually are able to create
offspring without the help of a mate
through parthenogenesis. This occurs when
an unfertilized egg produces an offspring.
Parthenogenesis occurs mainly in
invertebrates such as insects. It is not a
common occurrence in vertebrate species.
Statistically it occurs in about 0.1 percent
of vertebrate species, though it has never
been known to occur in people.
Why does it happen?
Parthenogenesis is a normal and expected
part of the reproduction of some animals,
such as bees. But in others, such as large
vertebrates, it happens for different reasons.
Some observations have been that lone
females, or populations that have few or no
males, will reproduce by parthenogenesis. In
other cases, it could be a method of
population control. Other times it has been
attributed to an abundance of resources in
combination with few males. In nearly all
cases, there was some environmental event
that could be the reason for this method of
reproduction.
Some Unusual Cases
In 2006, two female Komodo dragons
that were isolated from males produced
offspring. At first, it was thought that they
Period
Inheritance and Traits
had stored sperm for later use. Komodo Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct terms from the word
dragons have been known to store
bank.
sperm for years. However, DNA testing
showed that both baby lizards were the
gene
genotype
inheritance
result of parthenogenesis. Because of
mutation
phenotype
trait
the type of sex chromosomes that a
Komodo dragon has, all offspring of
parthenogenesis are male.
A seven-year-old female shark in a
Hungarian zoo had been raised since her
birth alone in a tank. In 2008, her
keepers noticed that a baby shark was
lying at the bottom of the tank. DNA
testing has not yet been done, but the
keepers are sure that the female has
never been in contact with another
shark. Because of the chromosome
arrangement of sharks, they can produce
only females by parthenogenesis.
Some Drawbacks
Although parthenogenesis can help
maintain a species during times of
hardship or after a population crashes, it
is not a good long-term solution. In
species that normally reproduce
sexually, parthenogenesis would reduce
genetic variability. The population
would eventually become weaker and
would possibly disappear.
Across
1. a distinguishing characteristic of an
organism
5. a section of DNA that has genetic
information for one trait
6. a permanent change in the sequence
of DNA in a gene
Down
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement.
1. Analyze How does reduced genetic variability result in a weaker
population?
2. the passing of traits from
generation to generation
3. an organism’s complete set
of genes
2. Summarize Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of
parthenogenesis adaptation in a large vertebrate, such as a Komodo
dragon.
Buffalo Book 20
Page 4
Standad 4
4. how a trait appears or how it
is expressed
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Name_________________________
Date
Inheritance and Traits
25 points
Key Concept What is the role of genes in inheritance?
Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term from the word bank on
each line.
Period
Adaptations in Species
Key Concept How does natural selection lead to adaptations in
species?
Directions: Label this diagram by writing a caption for each part of the diagram in
the space provided.
1.
3.
2.
1.
2.
4.
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
5. How are genes related to DNA?
3.
4.
6. What is the role of genes in inheritance?
7. Describe the two ways in which organisms pass inherited traits to
5. What is natural selection?
their offspring.
Buffalo Book 20
Page 5
Standad 4
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Name_________________________
Date
Adaptations in Species 30 points
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the term (yellow, bold, or
green) that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once.
__________
1. a slight difference in inherited traits among
individual members of a species
__________
2. a trait that helps a species survive in its
10. hibernation ___________
11. eye color___________
12. spitting ___________
14. migration ___________
15. body shape ___________
3. a process by which organisms that have
variations that help them survive in their
environment live longer, compete better, and
reproduce more than those that do not have the
variation
__________
Directions: On the line after each adaptation, write Structural if the adaptation
is a structural adaptation, Behavioral if the adaptation is a behavioral
adaptation, or Functional if the adaptation is a functional adaptation.
13. shedding ___________
environment
__________
Period
16. playing dead ___________
17. hunting at night ___________
18.internal structure ___________
19. Describe two Structural adaptations.
4. a group of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can reproduce among
themselves producing fertile offspring
__________
5. the selection and breeding of organisms that
20. Describe two Behavioral adaptations.
have desired traits
__________
6. a physical trait that increases survival
__________
7. a behavior or action that increases survival
__________
8. a biochemical change that increases survival
__________
9. an adaptation that helps a species blend in
21. Describe two Functional adaptations.
22. What is homeostasis?
with its environment
__________
23. Give an example of how your human body maintains homeostasis.
10. an adaptation in which one species looks like
another species
Buffalo Book 20
Page 6
Standad 4
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Name_________________________
40 points
Traits and Survival
Objective 2 Relate the adaptability of organisms in an
environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Section 2-d Relate the structure of organs to an organism’s
ability to survive in a specific environment
Date
Period
Think Critically. Why would a varying hare change its color from
brownish tan to white each year? (3 points)
Directions: Use details to answer all questions.
1. How would the hair on a bear help it to survive? (3 points)
7. How are shark’s teeth similar to lion’s teeth? (3 points)
2. Why are polar bears white while brown bears are brown? (3 points)
8. Africa’s climate is usually hotter than Asia’s climate. What
advantage are the larger ears of African elephants than the smaller
ears of Asian elephants for their climate? (3 points)
3. What characteristics does a lizard have which help it survive in a
desert? (3 points)
4. Bird bones are less dense than mammal bones.
Describe how this is a useful adaptation for birds. (3 points)
9. List five specific traits which allow a mule deer to survive in
Utah. (5 points)
5. Describe how a dandelion reproduces both sexually and asexually.
Why are their roots so difficult to kill? (8 points)
10. Describe how the process of natural selection might eventually
lead to more white than black rabbits living in a snowy
environment. What if climate change leads to less snowy
environments? (5 points)
6. While a trait may allow an organism to survive in one
environment, it may not help in a different environment.
Buffalo Book 20
Page 7
Standad 4
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.
Name_________________________
Date
Inheritance and Adaptations 40 points
Period
18. Describe how a mutation occurs.
1. What is necessary for mutations to be inherited?
19. A pet shop owner wants to sell trained dogs. She plans to do this by
2. Human egg and sperm cells each contain how many chromosomes?
3. How does variation come into a species?
training a female dog and a male dog and then breeding them so the
puppies inherit the training. Assess this plan and determine its
likelihood of success.
4. What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?
20. Compare and contrast the selective breeding that is done to create
5. The passing of traits from generation to generation is called
show dogs with the process of natural selection.
__________.
6. The section of DNA that carries genetic information for a trait is
called a(n) __________.
7. A(n) __________ is a slight difference in inherited traits
among individual members of a species.
21. Assess the following statement: The predator-prey relationship is one
in which both species are in a constant race to adapt to each other.
8. A(n) __________ is a trait that helps a species survive in its
environment.
9. The __________ is how a trait appears or is expressed.
10. An organism’s complete set of genes is called its __________.
22. Examine the connection between mutation and variation.
11. An organism’s complete set of genes is called its __________.
23. Some harmless organisms resemble other more dangerous ones.
Label the following by
writing the words on the
lines.
Deduce how this could be considered an adaptation.
12. chromosome
13. base pair
14. DNA strand
15. gene
16. cell
17. nucleus
Buffalo Book 20
Page 8
Standad 4
Students will understand that offspring inherit traits that make them more or less suitable to survive in the environment.
Objective 2
Relate the adaptability of organisms in an environment to their inherited traits and structures.