Download cognitive learning

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Learning is acquiring new or modifying
existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values
or preferences and may involve synthesizing
different types of information.
The ability to learn is possessed by humans,
& animals.
Human learning may occur as part
of education, personal development, school
or training.
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Learning is a relatively permanent change in
behavior as a result of experience.
Learning
• Involves change (good or bad)
• Is relatively permanent
• Is acquired through experience
Drive: any strong stimulus that impels
action(basis of motivation)
 Primary/ Physiological
 Secondary/ Psychological
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Cue Stimuli: Objects existing in the environment
which increase the action.
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Responses: Either physical responses or attitudes,
perception.
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Reinforcement: environmental events
affecting the probability of occurrence of
responses.
Retention: stability of learned behavior.
Some learnings are retained while others are
forgotten.
Extinction-loss of memory
Of well learned response is difficult(it may just
be that response is repressed.)
Of not well learned response early
Spontaneous recovery
Return of response after extinction without
intervening reinforcement
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motivation
mental set
nature of learning materials
practice
environment
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Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan
Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning
process that occurs through associations
between an environmental stimulus and a
naturally occurring stimulus.
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Classical conditioning is a reflexive or
automatic type of learning in which a
stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a
response that was originally evoked by
another stimulus.
Applicable to simple behaviors
Key Concepts
• Unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned response
• Conditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response
Examples
 fear of the dark or loud noises in young
children.
 fear of failure may be another example of
classical conditioning
 nursery rhymes
 Cleaning when top management comes
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Operant conditioning is a form
of psychological learning where an individual
modifies the occurrence and form of its
own behavior due to the association of the
behavior with a stimulus.
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Key Concepts
• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
• Conditioned (learned) behavior
• Reinforcement
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Introduced by B.F.Skinner, an American
psychologist.
Also called Instrumental Conditioning.
Acc. to this theory, learning takes place when
an individual makes an effort to gain control
over the environment & behavior is a function
of consequences.
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It involves a type of conditioning in which
desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward
or prevents punishment.
As per this theory, people learn to behave to
get something they want and to avoid
something that they don’t want.
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+ve consequences Increased frequency of
behavior.
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Example:
If boss asks employee to work hard and
promises for rewards in appraisal and actually
no such reward occurs to the employee in
return of his hard work, next time when he’ll
be made such promise, he may not work
hard.
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Environment determines behavior.
Change in environment produces Learning.
Individuals explore and obtain control over
environment.
Behavior is instrumental in determining
consequences faced by individual.
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Consequences determine the chance of
reoccurrence of an operant conditioning in
future.
Change in behaviour requires change in
consequences of behaviour.
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Cognition means individual’s ideas thoughts,
knowledge, interpretations and
understanding about himself and his
environment.
"Cognitive learning is the result of listening,
watching, touching or experiencing.“
Cognitive learning is a powerful mechanism
that provides the means of knowledge, and
goes well beyond simple imitation of others.
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Cognitive learning enables us to create and
transmit a complex culture that includes
symbols, values, beliefs and norms.
Cognitive learning is about enabling people
to learn by using their reason, intuition and
perception.
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Organism learns the meaning of various
objects and events and learned responses
depend on meanings assigned to stimuli.
Eg: Tolman trained a rat to turn right in order
to get food. When placed on opposite side
instead of turning right, rat moved towards
food. So, rat formed a cognitive map to get
food and reinforcement was not a
precondition for learning to take place.
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Social learning theory focuses
on the learning that occurs
within a social context.
It considers that people learn
from one another, including
such concepts as observational
learning, imitation, and
modeling.
Among others Albert
Bandura is considered the
leading proponent of this
theory.
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People can learn by observing the behavior
of others and the outcomes of those
behaviors.
People can learn through observation
and direct experience.
Key Concepts
• Attentional processes
• Retention processes
• Motor reproduction processes
• Reinforcement processes
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Attentional process: learning from models,
who are attractive and similar to us.
Retention Process: Influence of model
depends on remembering the actions of
model, when model is no longer available.
Motor Reproduction Process: Watching must
be converted into doing.
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Reinforcement is a term in operant
conditioning and behavior analysis for the
process of increasing the rate or probability
of a behavior in the form of a "response" by
the delivery or emergence of a stimulus (e.g.
a candy) immediately or shortly after
performing the behavior.
Systematically reinforcing each successive step that
moves an individual closer to the desired response.
Key Concepts
• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
• Some rewards are more effective than others.
• The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and
permanence.
Motivation-internal explanation of behavior
Reinforcement-external explanation of behavior
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Positive reinforcement
 Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
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Negative reinforcement
 Removing an unpleasant consequence when the
desired behavior occurs.
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Punishment
 Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an
undesirable behavior.
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Extinction
 Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its
cessation.
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
each time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
often enough to make the
behavior worth repeating but not
every time it is demonstrated.
Fixed-ratio
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Well pay vs. Sick pay
Employee Discipline
Developing Training Programmes
Self Management