Download Unit 6 Review (Modules 26-30, Pages 262-315)

Sophie Stedman, Emma Dimperio, Sadie Buzan
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Unit 6 Review (Modules 26-30, Pages 262-315)
Vocabulary:
Module 26
● Learning
● Habituation
● Associative Learning
● Stimulus
● Cognitive Learning
● Classical Conditioning
○ Think of Ivan Pavlov’s dog classic experiment
■ Presented neutral stimulus (tone) before an unconditioned stimulus (food
in dog’s mouth). Neutral stimulus then becomes conditioned stimulus,
producing conditioned response
● Behaviorism
● Neutral Stimulus (NS)
● Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
● Unconditioned Response (UR)
● Conditioned Response (CR)
● Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
● Acquisition
● Higher-order Conditioning
● Extinction
● Spontaneous Recovery
● Generalization
● Discrimination
● John B. Watson: Human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned
responses
○ Created “Little Albert” experiment
Module 27
● B.F. Skinner: Modern behaviorism’s most influential and controversial figure
○ Elaborated on Edward L. Thorndike’s law of effect (Reward behavior is more
likely to recur)
● Operant Conditioning
● Law of Effect
● Operant Chamber
○ Skinner box
● Reinforcement
● Shaping
Sophie Stedman, Emma Dimperio, Sadie Buzan
○ Successive approximations: you reward responses that are closer to the final
desired behavior and ignore all other responses
● Discriminative Stimulus
● Positive Reinforcement
● Negative Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning Form
Description
Example
Positive reinforcement
Adding a desirable stimulus
Receiving praise when giving
the right answer in class
Negative reinforcement
Remove an aversive stimulus
Taking painkillers to end pain
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Primary Reinforcer
Conditioned Reinforcer
Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous Reinforcement
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
○ Ex: getting a free drink after buying 5
● Variable-Ratio Schedule
○ Gambling
● Fixed-Interval Schedule
○ Getting a pop-quiz every two days
● Variable-Interval Schedule
○ Repeatedly checking your e-mail to see if you have received a response
Module 28
● Biofeedback
● Respondent Behavior
● Operant Behavior
Module 29
● Cognitive Map
● Latent Learning
○ There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence; there is
also cognition
● Insight
● Intrinsic Motivation
Biological predispositions
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Natural predispositions
Organisms best learn
Sophie Stedman, Emma Dimperio, Sadie Buzan
Cognitive processes
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constrain what stimuli and
responses can easily be
associated
behaviors similar to their
natural behaviors; Unnatural
behaviors instinctively drift
back toward neutral ones
Organisms develop
expectation that CS signals
the arrival of US
Organisms develop
expectation that a response
will be reinforced or
punished; they also exhibit
latent learning; without
reinforcement
Coping
Problem-Focused Coping
Emotion-Focused Coping
Learned Helplessness
○ Uncontrollable bad events >>> Perceived lack of control >>> Generalized
helpless behavior
● External Locus of Control
● Internal Locus of Control
● Self-Control
Module 30
● Observational Learning
○ Albert Bandura: Bobo doll observational experiment
● Modeling
● Mirror Neurons
○ Ex: For someone who has an amputated limb, they may feel ghost pain because of
mirror neurons
● Prosocial Behavior
Key People To Remember
● Ivan Pavlov
● John B. Watson
● B. F. Skinner
● Edward Thorndike
● John Garcia
● Robert Rescorla
● Edward Tolman
● Albert Bandura