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Plant Notes
Kingdom Plantae
Basic Characteristics
  Plants are:
 
Multi-cellular
  Autotrophic
  Eukaryotic– have a nucleus
  Plants have:
  A cell wall made of cellulose that give the plant strength
  Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
  Plants evolved from plant-like protists
Nutrition
  Plants are Autotrophs– they make their own food.
  Plants use photosynthesis to convert the sun’s energy
into usable energy for themselves.
  To do this plants use chloroplasts filled with
chlorophyll.
Types of Terrestrial
(Land) Plants
  There are Two forms of terrestrial plants:
1.  Non-vascular– plants have no system for transporting water or
nutrients. (e.g., mosses)
 
All non-vascular plants are seedless.
2.  Vascular– plants have a system to transport water and nutrients
throughout the plant.
 
This allows the plants to be taller and live further from water.
 
All seed plants are vascular
  Seedless plants (e.g., ferns) have a vascular system but reproduce
using spores.
  Seed plants (e.g., flowers, trees) reproduce using seeds
Reproduction Methods
  Plant reproduction can be asexual or sexual.
  Plants reproduce through:
1.  Spores– tiny reproductive cells that can be carried long
distances by the wind.
2.  Seeds– a plant embryo surrounded by a protective outer
coating.
 
An embryo is made up of tissues that have the ability to grow
into a new plant.
 
Adaptations have led to several different methods of seed
dispersal.
 
***All seed plants are vascular.***
Seed Formation &
Reproduction
  Flowers produce pollen, which is transferred from the male
anther to the female stigma during pollination.
  The pollen lands on the stigma and germinates, and allows
sperm cells to travel to the egg in the ovary.
  The ovary contains ovules, each containing an egg. A sperm
fertilizes the egg forming a zygote, which grows into an
embryo.
  The ovary and surrounding structures become the fruit.
  Angiosperms try to avoid self-pollination by having separate
male and female flowers.
Types of Seed Plants
Seed plants include:
  Gymnosperms– plants that have
seeds that are not enclosed.
  Ex. Pines
  Angiosperms– flowering plants that
usually have a seed enclosed in a fruit.
  Angiosperms are the most successful
because they coevolved with
insects and they use flowers and fruit
for reproduction.
plants
Angiosperms can be
arranged into two groups:
1. Monocots (e.g., grasses
and palms)
2. Dicots (e.g., trees
+ most common plants)
  Leaves have parallel veins.
  Leaves have netlike veins.
  Embryos have one seed
  Embryos have two seed
leaf.
  Vascular tissue in stems is
scattered.
leaves.
  Vascular tissue in stems is in
arranged in a ring.
  Root system is fibrous.
  Have one main taproot.
  Flower parts are in
  Flower parts are in
multiples of three
multiples of four or five.
Monocot
Dicot