Download Monogastric Nutrition

Monogastric Nutrition
Nutrient Requirements
• Simple Stomached
– Require readily digestible feed
– Cannot use complex carbohydrates
• Cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.
– Require essential amino acids
– Cannot synthesize amino acids
• Poor quality protein, NPN
• Water
Water
• Important nutrient
• 55-80% of animal is water
– Depends on age
• Uses
– Hydration, medium for moving wastes into and out of
body
– Component of milk, lubricates joints, cushions nerves,
disperses heat, protects developing fetuses
Water
• Free access to water
– Cool, Clean, Abundant
– Pigs will consume 1-1.5 quarts / pound of feed
– Limiting water intake results in poor production
• Decreased intake
• Poor feed efficiency
• Reduced milk production
Energy
• Required for basic processes
– Acquired from carbohydrate, fat, protein
metabolism
• Obtained from Corn, Soybean meal, fat
– Some cases, energy may be limiting factor for
growth
Energy
• Energy requirements
– Influenced by:
• Weight (Direct influence on maintenance)
• Genetic ability to produce lean tissue
• Environmental temperature
– Most often expressed as
• Digestible Energy (DE)
• Metabolizable Energy (ME)
• For all weight classes, ME requirement is approx. 96% of the
DE requirement
Energy
Daily Nutrient Requirements of Swine Fed Ad Libitum
Swine Liveweight
Intake and Performance Levels
Lb 2.2-11
11-22
22-44
44-110
Expected weight gain per day
Expected feed intake per day
Expected efficiency
(gain/feed)
Expected efficiency
(feed/gain)
Digestible energy intake
(kcal/day)
Metabolizable energy intake (kcal/day)
Energy concentration (kcal ME/lb ration)
Protein per day
Table 23-1
0.4
0.6
0.800
1.25
850
805
1461
0.1
0.6
1.0
0.543
1.84
1560
1490
1470
0.2
1.0
2.1
0.474
2.11
3230
3090
1474
0.4
1.5
4.2
0.368
2.71
6460
6200
1479
0.6
110-242
1.8
6.9
0.264
3.79
10570
10185
1486
0.9
Energy
Daily Energy and Feed Requirements of Pregnant Gilts and Sows
Weight of Bred Gilts
and Sows at Mating
Intake and Performance Levels
Lb
265
309
353
Mean gestation weight
Energy Required:
Maintenance
Gestation weight gain
Total
Feed required per day
Table 23-3
(Mcal DE/day)
(Mcal DE/day)
(Mcal DE/day)
314.2
358.3
402.3
4.53
1.29
5.82
5.00
1.29
6.29
5.47
1.29
6.76
4.0
4.2
4.4
Energy
Daily Energy and Feed Requirements
of Lactating Gilts and Sows
Weight of Lactating Gilts
and Sows at Postfarrowing
Intake and Performance Levels
Lb
320
364
408
Milk Yield
Energy Required:
Maintenance
Milk Production
Total
Feed required per day
Table 23-4
(Mcal DE/day)
(Mcal DE/day)
(Mcal DE/day)
11.0
13.8
16.5
4.5
10.0
14.5
5.0
12.5
17.5
5.5
15.0
20.5
9.7
11.7
13.5
Energy
Nutrient Requirements in the Ration of Breeding Swine
Bred Gilts
Lactating
Sows, and
Gilts and
Intake Levels
Adult Boars
Sows
Digestible energy
Metabolizable energy
Crude Protein
Table 23-6
(kcal/lb ration)
(kcal/lb ration)
(%)
1515
1456
12
1515
1456
13.0
Protein & Amino Acids
• Protein makes up portions of muscle, blood,
enzymes, hair, etc.
• 7-9% of the pig’s body is edible protein
• Protein consists of 22 different amino acids
• For growth to occur at a rapid rate, the
ration must supply 10 of the 22 amino acids
Protein & Amino Acids
• Essential amino acids: One in which the
body cannot manufacture in sufficient
quantity to permit maximum growth and
performance
• Non-Essential amino acids: Amino acids
which can be synthesized in large enough
amounts to permit maximum growth as long
as sufficient Nitrogen is present.
Protein & Amino Acids
Essential
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Non-essential
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Asparagine
Cysteine
Cystine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Hydroxyproline
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
Protein & Amino Acids
• Lysine is the #1 essential or limiting amino acid in
swine diets
– Lysine concentration is high in muscle
– Lysine content of most feedstuffs is low
• Feeding high quality proteins is essential
– Contains all essential amino acids in the correct
proportions and amounts
– Possible to perform better on a 12% CP vs. 16% CP
Protein & Amino Acids
• Soybean meal
– Used as the primary protein source in swine
diets
• 85% of lysine digested & absorbed by pig
• Versus 65% of lysine in meat & bone meal
– Complements corn well in the diet
• Swine diets formulated approximately 79% corn to
20% soybean meal. (+/- 1-2 %)
• Trying to correct the deficiencies in the cereal grain
Vitamins & Minerals
•
Pigs are most likely to suffer from vitamin &
mineral deficiencies
1. Primarily fed cereal grains low in minerals,
particularly calcium
2. Skeleton supports greater weight in proportion to its
size than other farm animals
3. Fed to grow at a maximum rate and are marketed
before they mature
4. Reproduce at a younger age
5. Raised in a confinement setting.
Vitamins & Minerals
• Minerals
–
–
–
–
Very important functions
Required only in very small amounts
Pigs require 13 different minerals in the diet
Minerals deficient in corn & soybean meal diets
• Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na),
Chlorine (Cl),
• Trace minerals: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I),
Selenium (Se)
Vitamins & Minerals
• Minerals
– Calcium & Phosphorus are the most critical and
are required in the greatest amounts
• Adequate levels will provide a strong skeletal
structure
• Deficiencies will lead to poor bone mineralization
– Important when raised in confinement on concrete floors
• Ideal ratios of Ca:P should lie between 1:1 and
1.25:1
Vitamins & Minerals
• Vitamins
– Complex organic compounds needed in minute
amounts, which are essential for health and
normal body functions
– Pigs require 15 vitamins in very small amounts
– Many of these are likely to be deficient in corn
& soybean meal diets
Vitamins & Minerals
Vitamins likely to be deficient in corn and corn plus soybean meal (44% protein) for the growing pig
Corn + Soybean Meal
Requirement
Vitamin
Corn
(79% corn + 19.5% SBM)
(50-lb pig)
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, IU/lb
Vitamin D, IU/lb
Vitamin E, IU/lb
Vitamin K, mg/lb
Water-soluble vitamins, mg/lb
Vitamin C
B-complex
Riboflavin
Pantothenic acid
Niacin
Vitamin B 12
Choline
Pyridoxine
Thiamin
Folacin
Biotin
200
-10
--
158
-7.7
--
590
68
5
0.2
--
--
?
0.5
2.3
--227
2.8
1.7
0.14
0.03
0.64
3.2
2.5
-404
2.7
1.9
0.16
0.05
1.1
4.6
4.5
0.005
136
0.5
0.5
0.14
0.02
Table 19-6, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
Additives
• Substances added to swine rations to
enhance performance
– Feed-grade fat
•
•
•
•
Can be added at 5% of the total ration
Added as an energy source
Reduces dustiness of feed and increases palatability
To be economical, cost must be no more than 2.5 to
3.0 times the cost of corn
Additives
Supplemental fat for growing-finishing swine fed
a corn-soybean meal diet
Added Fat (%)
Item
0
5
Daily gain, lb
Daily feed, lb
Feed:gain ratio
Carcass backfat, in.
Ham-loin, % of carcass
1.68
5.44
3.24
1.2
43.4
Table 19-10, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
1.77
5.22
2.95
1.31
42.3
Additives
• Antimicrobial agents, anthelmintics
• Antimicrobials
– Added to stimulate growth and feed efficiency,
and to reduce mortality
• Low levels (Subtherapeutic) – Promote growth
• Moderate-to-high levels (Prophylaxis) – Prevention
of disease in exposed animals
• High levels (Therapeutic) – Treatment of disease
Additives
• Anthelmintics
– Used to prevent or remove internal parasites
• Roundworms & Lungworms
• Some will control external parasites
– Lice, Mange
– Ivermectin
• Considered drugs and are regulated by the FDA
– Only certain types, levels, and combinations are
approved for use in swine diets
Additives
Effects of anitbiotics in the feed at
breeding on reproductive performance
Item
Control
Antimicrobial
Farrowing Rate, %
Live pigs per litter
75.4
10
Table 19-15, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
82.1
10.4
Additives
Antimicrobial agents in the prefarrowing and
lactation diet for sows
Item
Control
Antimicrobial
Live pigs born
per litter
Pigs weaned per litter
Survival, %
Average pig weaning
weight, lb
10.3
8.2
84.9
10.6
8.6
87.1
10.23
10.34
Table 19-16, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
Management
• 75-80% of the total cost associated with swine
production are feed costs
• Intense management is required
• Feed manufacturers and producers must evaluate
the cost effectiveness and feed value in order to
formulate cost effective and nutritionally adequate
swine diets
• Generic diet formulation may be a problem in
formulating cost effective gains
Management
• Phase Feeding
– Adjusting the ration according to the individual
pig’s nutrient needs as it grows
– Depending on the intensity of the management
system, rations can also be adjusted based on
sex of the pig
Management
Type of Diet
Starter 1
Starter 2
Starter 3
Grower 1
Grower 2
Finisher 1
Finisher 2
Finisher 3
Gestation
Lactation
Body
Weight, lbs Protein, %
9-15
15-20
20-45
45-80
80-120
120-170
170-220
210-280
---
22-24
21
20
18
16
14-16
13-14
12-13
13
16
Management
• The end goal of the feed manufacturer and
producer is to cost effectively produce pigs
which will reach market weight (250-280
lbs) in the shortest amount of time with a
minimum amount of fat and maximum
amount of lean tissue your genetics will
allow.