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Drugs of Animal Origin Dr. Tahir Ali Lecturer RIPS Shellac • Shellac is a resin secreted by the female lac bug, on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes (pictured) and dissolved in ethanol to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze and wood finish. Shellac B.O. Laccifer lacca Family: Coccidae Uses: Shellac is most often used as a finish for fine furnitures. Pharmaceutical industry: Tablet coating formulations, microencapsulation, matrix formation, enteric coating and binder. Shellac has also been used as an ingredient in hair spray and in other cosmetics. Honey Honey • Honey is a bee-concentrated and processed product of nectar from the flowers of numerous plants. This saccharine secretion is deposited in honeycombs by bees ( Apis mellifera L., Fam. Apidae ). • Honey is used for cough, asthma, and hay fever. It is also used for diarrhea and stomach ulcers caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Honey is also used as a source of carbohydrate during vigorous exercise. • Some people apply honey directly to the skin for wound healing, burns, sunburn, cataracts, and diabetic foot ulcers. Topical use of honey has a long history. In fact, it is considered one of the oldest known wound dressings. • Honey was used by the ancient Greek physician in 50 A.D. for sunburn and infected wounds. Honey’s healing properties are mentioned in the Quran, Bible and Torah. • In foods, honey is used as a sweetening agent. • In manufacturing, honey is used as a fragrance and a moisturizer in soaps and cosmetics. Gelatin Gelatin • Gelatin is an animal protein made by boiling the collagenous material from animal bones, hides, and skins. Pig and cattle bones are typically used to make gelatin. In the pharmaceutical industry, gelatin is used primarily to make hard and softgelatin capsules. Uses: • Gelatin is used for: • • • • weight loss treating osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis brittle bones (osteoporosis). • Some people also use it for strengthening bones, joints, and fingernails. • Gelatin is also used for improving hair quality and to shorten recovery after exercise and sports-related injury Musk Dear Musk Musk is an odiferous secretion derived from the musk gland under the abdomen near the pubis of the male musk deer. B.O. Moschus moschiferus Family: Moschidae Uses: Musk is used as a component of fragrances and as a fixative in perfumes. In animal studies, components of musk reportedly have antiinflammatory and antihistaminic activity. Civet Civet “Civet” is the name of a small African mammal. B.O. Civettictis civetta Family: Viverridae “Civet” is also the name of a liquid taken from the glands of that animal. This liquid is used as painkiller and sedative. In foods and beverages, civet is used as a flavoring. In cosmetics and soaps, civet is used as a fixative and fragrance. Cod liver oil B.O. Gadus morhua Gadus macrocephalus Family: Gadidae Uses: Cod liver oil is used for high cholesterol, high triglycerides, kidney disease in people with diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, osteoarthritis, depression, an autoimmune disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), glaucoma, and middle ear infections (otitis media). Some people put cod liver oil on their skin to speed wound healing. Cantharidin • Cantharidin is an odorless, colorless terpenoid secreted by many species of blister beetles, including broadly in genus Epicauta, and in species Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria (Spanish fly). • Uses: • Cantharidin has been used since ancient times as an aphrodisiac, possibly because its physical effects were perceived to mimic those of sexual arousal and because it can cause priapism. • Diluted solutions of cantharidin can be used as a topical medication to remove warts and tattoos. Spermaceti • B.O. Physeter macrocephalus Family: • Spermaceti (from Latin sperma meaning "semen", and ceti meaning "whale") is a waxy substance found in the head cavities of the sperm whale (and, in smaller quantities, in the oils of other whales). Spermaceti is created in the spermaceti organ inside the whale's head. • Uses: • Spermaceti is used in ointments, cosmetic creams, fine wax candles and textile finishing. Toxin vs antitoxin • A toxin (from Ancient Greek: τοξικόν toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms • An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms Venom vs Antivenom vs Antiserum • Venom: a poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions and typically injected into prey or aggressors by biting or stinging. • Antivenom (or antivenin or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites orstings. Antivenom is created by milking venom from a relevant snake, spider, insect, or fish. The venom is then diluted and injected into a horse, sheep, rabbit, or goat. The subject animal will undergo an immune response to the venom, producing antibodies against the venom's active molecules which can then be harvested from the animal's blood and used to treat envenomation. • Antiserum: a blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases. Thanks