Download Lecture02 - University of Hawaii anthropology

Evolution
1
Evolution vs. Religion
Creationism/Intelligent Design
2
Evolution
• Scientific Theory
• Change through time
• 2 Kinds of Development: ontogeny
and phylogeny
• Diversity and Unity in Nature
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Pre--evolutionary Thoughts on Evolution
Pre
Charles Darwin
Alfred Wallace
Origins of Species, 1859
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George Louis Leclerc, Comte Buffon
(1707--1788)
(1707
Living things do change
through time
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Erasmus Darwin (1731
(1731--1802)
• Closet
Closet--Evolutionist
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2
Jean--Baptiste Lamarck (1744
Jean
(1744--1829)
• Father of Biology
• Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
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Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
Georges Cuvier (1769(1769-1832)
Charles Lyell
(1797--1875)
(1797
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Charles Darwin (1809(1809-1882)
• Galapagos Islands
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3
Darwin’s Finches
Adaptive
Radiation
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Adaptive Radiation
Defined as branching evolution in which different
populations of a species become reproductively
isolated from each other by adapting to different
ecological niches and eventually become separate
species.
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Natural Selection
Mechanism for evolutionary change
favoring the survival and
p
of some organisms
g
over
reproduction
others because of their biological
characteristics.
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4
Thomas Malthus (1766(1766-1834)
• Essay on the
Principle of
Population (1799)
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Theory of Evolution can be stated as
4 Facts and 3 Deductions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fact 1
There is a natural tendency for organisms to increase in
number geometrically. Reproduction must occur.
Fact 2
Despite this tendency to geometrically increase, the
number of a given species remains constant.
Deduction 1 In order to exist, there is competition for survival
th
through
h reproduction
d ti
and
d greater
t fertility.
f tilit “St
“Struggle
l for
f
existence”
Fact 3
Individual members of a population vary in the
characters they posses.
Deduction 2 Individuals who possess characters better adapted to the
environment survive and reproduce more than those who do not
have these characters. This is Natural Selection.
Selection.
Fact 4
Offspring closely resemble their parents but not exactly
(heredity).
Deduction 3 Degrees of adaptation will improve with each
subsequent generation.
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Survival of the Fittest
•Environment not producing variation
•Variation already existed
•Nature selected the most suitable traits
• Different from Lamarck's inheritance of
acquired characters
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5
Peppered Moths
Natural Selection at work
Light
Moths
Dark
Moths
Non-industrial
Nonwoods
11.6% 4.7%
Industrial
woods
13%
27.5%
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Adaptation
Any characteristic that allows an
organism to live and reproduce in
an environment where it probably
could not exist otherwise.
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Evolution
•Not directed nor
predetermined
(Orthogenesis)
•Opportunistic
•Random
R d
•Irreversible
•Orthoselection
•Extinction
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Fossil Record
Photosynthesis
Chemical and Structural Similarities
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Other Evidence
• Genetic
Changes Over
Generations
• Artificial
breeding
• Geographic
Distribution of
Related Species
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