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Macedonia Greece Asian Minor 500 BC Secular or Non-Religious BCE = Before Common Era CE = Common Era 500 BC 400 BC 100 BC 1 AD BC = Before Christ 1776 AD 2006 AD AD = Anno Domini In the Year of our Lord Greece Ch 1 section 1 Rise of Greek City-States • City-State: – Large city that operates like a state (independent) • Two levels of a city-state – Acropolis: hilltop part of the city. – Lower city: homes, theaters, marketplace, etc. • City-states were small in population – Name a few advantages of having a small population. • City-state Government – Greece was ruled by a monarch • Monarchy: – Central power lies with king or a queen • Power struggle between – King (rich and powerful) – Noble landowners (Rich) – The new middle class– wealthy merchants, and farmers. Sparta • Sparta (city-state 700BC) – Military city-state • Boys began training at seven for a lifetime in the army • Girls were valued for their ability to produce healthy boys – Government included – 2 kings and a council of elders • Spartan Citizens were – All free native born MALES over 30 Athens • Athens (city-state) – Started as a monarchy • Then aristocracy (nobles) • Discontent (unhappy) citizens caused the government to become a democracy – Reasons for discontent » Farmers were forced to sell land to nobles » Many farmers sold themselves and family into slavery to pay off debt. • Democracy: – government by the people, for the people and of the people. » Direct Democracy What caused democracy in ancient Greece? • Discontent (unhappy) people • Farmers were forced to sell their land to nobles • Many farmers sold themselves and families into slavery to pay off debts • Solon – Athenian lawyer and poet • • • • Outlawed debt slavery Freed slaves who had sold themselves into slavery Opened offices to more citizens Increased the assembly’s power • However, continued unrest gave rise to tyrants • Leaders who gain power by force • Cleisthenes – Set up the Council of 500 • Lawmakers or a legislature Macedonia Greece Persia Peloponnesus • Sparta • Athens Macedonia Greece Persian Army Persia Peloponnesus • Sparta Persian Wars • 490 BC • 480 BC • Athens What effect did the Persian Wars have on the role of Athens in the Greek world? • Athens emerged from the Persian Wars as the dominant city-state in Greece. Athens in the Age of Pericles • Pericles • Athenian leader. (461-429 BC) – Athens practiced a direct democracy – Citizens participate in government directly. » U.S. participate indirectly through representatives. • Believed all males should participate in govt. – Jury » Panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgment in a trial » 100s to 1000s jurors » Male citizens over 30 How did citizens participate in democracy in Greece? Was it different to our role in democracy currently in the US? -All citizens in Greece participated directly in government. -US citizens participate indirectly in government through representatives we elect Mt. Olympus •Troy • Delphi • • Aegean Sea Mycenae Peloponnesus Athens Sparta Mediterranean Sea Ancient Greece Crete Asia Minor 9 •1 6 • 8 • •2 7 4 5 Ancient Greece 3 The Peloponnesian War • Peloponnesian War (431 BC) – Athens v Sparta (both Greek city-states) • Lasted 27 years • Spartans captured Athens in 404 BC • Sparta was a military state – As a result, Democracy began to decline in Greece Due to the Peloponnesian War, what began to decline in Greece and why? • Democracy began to decline in Greece because the Spartans took over. Corruption and selfish interests replaced older ideals such as service to the citystates. Alexander The Great • Alexander was ruler of Macedonia – His father conquered Greece in 338 BC – Alexander then conquered the Persian Empire King Philip II Macedonia Alexander The Great 338 BC Greece Persian Empire Alexander’s Empire P.16 Alexander’s Legacy • Alexander died in 323 BC – His empire was divided up – Greek culture spread, and blended with the local culture • Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian – Hellenistic Age Greek Religion • Polytheistic – Belief in many Gods • Greek Mythology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. List at least two Greek city-states. Name at least 3 Greek philosophers. What is a direct democracy? In which city-state was democracy born? Which four cultures were a part of the Hellenistic Age? 6. What caused the government in Athens to become a democracy? 7. At what age did Spartan boys begin military training? Solon • Made many needed reforms • Opened offices to more citizens • Gave Athenian assembly more say in decisions Pisastratus • Seized power by force • Gave farmers and poor citizens a greater voice • Weakened the aristocracy Cleisthenes • Broadened role of ordinary citizen in government • Set up Council of 500 • Made the assembly a genuine legislature Pericles • Led a thriving economy and more democratic government • Believed all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should participate in government • Stressed rights and individuals of citizens of a democracy Socrates • Questioned his fellow citizens about their beliefs • Used a process we call the “Socratic Method” • Believed the unexamined life was not worth living Plato • Student of Socrates • Set up his own school in Athens • Described his vision of an ideal state in The Republic • Rejected Athenian democracy • Believed the state should regulate citizens’ lives Aristotle • Plato’s most famous student • Tutor to Alexander the Great • Preferred government by the many, not by the few • Suspicious of democracy – thought it could lead to mob rule • Favored government ruled by middle class • Believed rulers must be subject to law • Despised tyranny Greek Philosophers • What did Socrates, Plato and Aristotle think about democracy? (p14) 1. Socrates: 1. Loved it, even though it caused his death (found guilty of corrupting the minds of the young) 2. Plato: 1. Hated it, because it caused the death of his teacher, Socrates. 1. Believed the government should control the people. 1. Workers to produce, soldiers to defend, and philosophers to rule. 3. Aristotle 1. He liked both the monarchy and democracy 1. Middle class should be in charge Britain Gaul Macedonia Spain Asia Minor Syria Numidia Arabia Egypt Roman Empire Britain Gaul Macedonia Spain Asia Minor Syria Numidia Arabia Egypt Roman Empire Ch 1 sec2 The Roman Republic and Empire 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Republic (21) Consul Dictator Tribune Veto Carthage (22) Ch 1 sec 2 The Roman Republic and Empire • What is a Republic? • Government where the people choose their officials. • Describe the Roman Senate. – Held all the power • 300 members • Patricians (landholding upper class) • Serve for life • What major job did consuls have? • Supervise the daily business of the government » Checked the power of the senate • What is a Dictator? – Dictator has complete control over the government • Who were the Plebeians? – Common People • Large population with no real power • In 450 BC gained the right to elect officials called tribunes – Tribunes had the power to veto (block) laws • US adopted from the Romans • Senate, the veto, and checks on power • How did Rome expand? – Defeated the Etruscans and Greeks – Gained all of Italy – Fought in the 3 Punic Wars against Carthage – Gained land in Northern Africa – Defeated and gained Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor – Egypt became allies – Gained land in Egypt – In the end the Romans controlled the land around the Mediterranean Sea Britain Gaul Macedonia Spain Asia Minor Numidia Mediterranean Sea Arabia Egypt Roman Empire Syria From Republic to Empire • Describe Julius Caesar’s Rise and Fall. – Military commander with great power. – The Senate feared Julius’s power • They ordered him to disband his army • Instead, Julius marched his army toward Rome. • He forced the senate to make him a dictator – His power caused jealousy in the Senate • He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 BC. Assassination of Julius Caesar Emperor Augustus Caesar • Augustus followed Julius – He declared himself first citizen and not king or emperor • Why? • The Senate and the people would have removed him from power • Nonetheless, he acted like a dictator (31 BC to 14 AD) • The Empire was born (Pax Romana) • Time of peace, order, and unity. – Who was the major figure born while Augustus was in Power? Roman Law • Roman two system law – Civil law • Applied only to Roman citizens – Law of nations • Applied to all people – Mainly for areas conquered by Rome. • People accused of crimes • • • • Presumed innocent until proven guilty Accused has the right to face the accuser Guilt had to be expressed through evidence Judges interpret the law and make decisions Collapse of the Roman Empire • Roman Empire eventually fell. (400s AD) – It had become to large to control – Invasions from Germanic barbarians • The West completely collapse – The East continued to thrive as the Byzantine Empire under Justinian • Justinian’s Code – Massive collection of Laws Alexander’s Empire Rodriguez’ Empire 323 BC . Roman Empire Ancient Greece 265 BC-476 AD 500 BC Judaism God God tells Abraham that his children will get the land of Palestine Adam Noah Hagar Not married Female Maid Servant Ishmael Abraham Married Sarah Isaac Jacob 12 Sons One of them is Judah David Solomon Muhammad Begins the Muslim Religion Islam Joseph Jesus Palestine Palestine Dead Sea Turkey Lebanon Syria Israel Iraq Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Iran Lebanon Syria Mediterranean Sea West Bank Gaza Strip Jerusalem Fighting between Jews and Muslims Israel Egypt Jordan Ch 1 sec3 Principles of Judaism Vocabulary 1. Polytheistic • Belief in many Gods (Greeks, and early Romans) 2. Monotheistic • Belief in one God (Jews, Christians, Muslims) 3. Judaism • Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the Torah 4. Torah • Jewish holy text • Also known as the Five Books of Moses and the Old Testament. Vocabulary cont. 5. Covenant • A promise 6. Sabbath • A holy day for rest and worship • Saturday • (Sabado) 7. Prophet • Spiritual leader who God communicates through. • Abraham, Moses, “Jesus,” Muhammad, etc. 8. diasphora • The scattering of the Jews 9. Famine • Hunger, starvation Abraham • Abraham: 2000 B.C. • Father of the people of Israel – Israelites • God told Abraham to move from Mesopotamia to Palestine (Canaan) (Israel) – God’s Covenant » God told Abraham that his descendants will inherit the land of Palestine. (Canaan) (Israel) • Famine forced him and his people leave Palestine and go to Egypt – Eventually became slaves Moses • Moses (1500 B.C.) – Israelite (Hebrew) (Jew) The Exodus – God told Moses to lead the Israelites out of slavery, (out of Egypt). 1. What made Judaism different from other religions of the Roman Empire? 2. Who first migrated with his family to Palestine and founded the Israelite nation? 3. What happened to the Israelites after they arrived in Egypt? 4. What is the name of the Jewish sacred text? 5. Who led the Israelites (Jews) out of Egypt? Judaism 1. What was the one major act that King David made for the Israelites? (p 29) 2. Which city did Solomon make the capital of the Kingdom of Israel? (p 29) 3. What happened to the Kingdom of Israel after Solomon died in 922 B.C.? (p 29) 4. What had happened to the Kingdom of Israel by 586 B.C.? (p 29) 5. Which ruler later freed the Israelites from captivity? (p 29) 6. How did the Diaspora cause Judaism to spread? (p 32) Ch 1 sec 4 The Rise of Christianity Define the following words • Messiah – Savior sent by God • Apostle – Jesus’ followers (12 of them) The Rise of Christianity 1. Who was Jesus a descendant of? 2. According to the Gospels, how did Mary learn that her son would be the messiah? 3. What caused large crowds to gather and listen to Jesus’ teachings? 4. List at least three of Jesus’ teachings. 5. Why was Jesus executed? 6. How was Jesus executed, and what was the regular Roman method of executing people? 7. According to the Gospels, what happened to Jesus after his execution? 8. How did Christianity Spread? 9. How did Paul play a major role in spreading Christianity? 10. What happened to the Church in A.D. 1054? Britain Gaul Black Sea Spain Palestine Jerusalem Mediterranean Sea Egypt Spread of Christianity AD 476-600 Britain Gaul Black Sea Spain Palestine Jerusalem Mediterranean Sea Egypt Spread of Christianity AD 476-600 Britain Gaul Black Sea Spain Palestine Jerusalem Mediterranean Sea Egypt Spread of Christianity AD 400-600 Spread of Christianity Dead Sea Jerusalem