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Macedonia
Greece
Asian Minor
500 BC
Secular or Non-Religious
BCE = Before Common Era
CE = Common Era
500 BC
400 BC
100 BC 1 AD
BC = Before Christ
1776 AD
2006 AD
AD = Anno Domini
In the Year of our Lord
Greece
Ch 1 section 1
Rise of Greek City-States
• City-State:
– Large city that operates like a state (independent)
• Two levels of a city-state
– Acropolis: hilltop part of the city.
– Lower city: homes, theaters, marketplace, etc.
• City-states were small in population
– Name a few advantages of having a small population.
• City-state Government
– Greece was ruled by a monarch
• Monarchy:
– Central power lies with king or a queen
• Power struggle between
– King (rich and powerful)
– Noble landowners (Rich)
– The new middle class– wealthy merchants, and farmers.
Sparta
• Sparta (city-state 700BC)
– Military city-state
• Boys began training at seven for a lifetime in the army
• Girls were valued for their ability to produce healthy
boys
– Government included
– 2 kings and a council of elders
• Spartan Citizens were
– All free native born MALES over 30
Athens
• Athens (city-state)
– Started as a monarchy
• Then aristocracy (nobles)
• Discontent (unhappy) citizens caused the
government to become a democracy
– Reasons for discontent
» Farmers were forced to sell land to nobles
» Many farmers sold themselves and family into
slavery to pay off debt.
• Democracy:
– government by the people, for the people and of the
people.
» Direct Democracy
What caused democracy in ancient
Greece?
• Discontent (unhappy) people
• Farmers were forced to sell their
land to nobles
• Many farmers sold themselves
and families into slavery to pay off
debts
• Solon
– Athenian lawyer and poet
•
•
•
•
Outlawed debt slavery
Freed slaves who had sold themselves into slavery
Opened offices to more citizens
Increased the assembly’s power
• However, continued unrest gave rise to tyrants
• Leaders who gain power by force
• Cleisthenes
– Set up the Council of 500
• Lawmakers or a legislature
Macedonia
Greece
Persia
Peloponnesus
• Sparta
• Athens
Macedonia
Greece
Persian Army
Persia
Peloponnesus
• Sparta
Persian Wars
• 490 BC
• 480 BC
• Athens
What effect did the Persian Wars
have on the role of Athens in the
Greek world?
• Athens emerged from the Persian Wars as
the dominant city-state in Greece.
Athens in the Age of Pericles
• Pericles
• Athenian leader. (461-429 BC)
– Athens practiced a direct democracy
– Citizens participate in government directly.
» U.S. participate indirectly through representatives.
• Believed all males should participate in govt.
– Jury
» Panel of citizens who have the authority to make the
final judgment in a trial
» 100s to 1000s jurors
» Male citizens over 30
How did citizens participate in
democracy in Greece? Was it
different to our role in democracy
currently in the US?
-All citizens in Greece participated directly in government.
-US citizens participate indirectly in government through
representatives we elect
Mt. Olympus
•Troy
•
Delphi
•
•
Aegean
Sea
Mycenae
Peloponnesus
Athens
Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
Ancient
Greece
Crete
Asia
Minor
9
•1
6
•
8
•
•2
7
4
5
Ancient
Greece
3
The Peloponnesian War
• Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
– Athens v Sparta (both Greek city-states)
• Lasted 27 years
• Spartans captured Athens in 404 BC
• Sparta was a military state
– As a result, Democracy began to decline in Greece
Due to the Peloponnesian War,
what began to decline in Greece
and why?
• Democracy began to decline in Greece
because the Spartans took over.
Corruption and selfish interests replaced
older ideals such as service to the citystates.
Alexander The Great
• Alexander was ruler of Macedonia
– His father conquered Greece in 338 BC
– Alexander then conquered the Persian
Empire
King Philip II
Macedonia
Alexander
The
Great
338 BC
Greece
Persian
Empire
Alexander’s Empire
P.16
Alexander’s Legacy
• Alexander died in 323 BC
– His empire was divided up
– Greek culture spread, and blended with the
local culture
• Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian
– Hellenistic Age
Greek Religion
• Polytheistic
– Belief in many Gods
• Greek Mythology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List at least two Greek city-states.
Name at least 3 Greek philosophers.
What is a direct democracy?
In which city-state was democracy born?
Which four cultures were a part of the
Hellenistic Age?
6. What caused the government in Athens to
become a democracy?
7. At what age did Spartan boys begin military
training?
Solon
• Made many needed reforms
• Opened offices to more citizens
• Gave Athenian assembly more say in
decisions
Pisastratus
• Seized power by force
• Gave farmers and poor citizens a greater
voice
• Weakened the aristocracy
Cleisthenes
• Broadened role of ordinary citizen in
government
• Set up Council of 500
• Made the assembly a genuine legislature
Pericles
• Led a thriving economy and more
democratic government
• Believed all male citizens, regardless of
wealth or social class, should participate in
government
• Stressed rights and individuals of citizens
of a democracy
Socrates
• Questioned his fellow citizens about their
beliefs
• Used a process we call the “Socratic
Method”
• Believed the unexamined life was not
worth living
Plato
• Student of Socrates
• Set up his own school in Athens
• Described his vision of an ideal state in
The Republic
• Rejected Athenian democracy
• Believed the state should regulate citizens’
lives
Aristotle
• Plato’s most famous student
• Tutor to Alexander the Great
• Preferred government by the many, not by the
few
• Suspicious of democracy – thought it could lead
to mob rule
• Favored government ruled by middle class
• Believed rulers must be subject to law
• Despised tyranny
Greek Philosophers
•
What did Socrates, Plato and Aristotle think about
democracy? (p14)
1. Socrates:
1. Loved it, even though it caused his death (found guilty of
corrupting the minds of the young)
2. Plato:
1. Hated it, because it caused the death of his teacher, Socrates.
1. Believed the government should control the people.
1. Workers to produce, soldiers to defend, and philosophers to
rule.
3. Aristotle
1. He liked both the monarchy and democracy
1. Middle class should be in charge
Britain
Gaul
Macedonia
Spain
Asia
Minor
Syria
Numidia
Arabia
Egypt
Roman Empire
Britain
Gaul
Macedonia
Spain
Asia
Minor
Syria
Numidia
Arabia
Egypt
Roman Empire
Ch 1 sec2
The Roman Republic and Empire
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Republic (21)
Consul
Dictator
Tribune
Veto
Carthage (22)
Ch 1 sec 2
The Roman Republic and Empire
• What is a Republic?
• Government where the people choose their officials.
• Describe the Roman Senate.
– Held all the power
• 300 members
• Patricians (landholding upper class)
• Serve for life
• What major job did consuls have?
• Supervise the daily business of the government
» Checked the power of the senate
• What is a Dictator?
– Dictator has complete control over the government
• Who were the Plebeians?
– Common People
• Large population with no real power
• In 450 BC gained the right to elect officials called
tribunes
– Tribunes had the power to veto (block) laws
• US adopted from the Romans
• Senate, the veto, and checks on power
• How did Rome expand?
– Defeated the Etruscans and Greeks
– Gained all of Italy
– Fought in the 3 Punic Wars against Carthage
– Gained land in Northern Africa
– Defeated and gained Macedonia, Greece,
and Asia Minor
– Egypt became allies
– Gained land in Egypt
– In the end the Romans controlled the land
around the Mediterranean Sea
Britain
Gaul
Macedonia
Spain
Asia
Minor
Numidia
Mediterranean Sea
Arabia
Egypt
Roman Empire
Syria
From Republic to Empire
• Describe Julius Caesar’s Rise and Fall.
– Military commander with great power.
– The Senate feared Julius’s power
• They ordered him to disband his army
• Instead, Julius marched his army toward Rome.
• He forced the senate to make him a dictator
– His power caused jealousy in the Senate
• He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44
BC.
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Emperor Augustus Caesar
• Augustus followed Julius
– He declared himself first citizen and not king or
emperor
• Why?
• The Senate and the people would have removed him from
power
• Nonetheless, he acted like a dictator (31 BC to 14 AD)
• The Empire was born (Pax Romana)
• Time of peace, order, and unity.
– Who was the major figure born while Augustus was in
Power?
Roman Law
• Roman two system law
– Civil law
• Applied only to Roman citizens
– Law of nations
• Applied to all people
– Mainly for areas conquered by Rome.
• People accused of crimes
•
•
•
•
Presumed innocent until proven guilty
Accused has the right to face the accuser
Guilt had to be expressed through evidence
Judges interpret the law and make decisions
Collapse of the Roman Empire
• Roman Empire eventually fell. (400s AD)
– It had become to large to control
– Invasions from Germanic barbarians
• The West completely collapse
– The East continued to thrive as the Byzantine
Empire under Justinian
• Justinian’s Code
– Massive collection of Laws
Alexander’s Empire
Rodriguez’
Empire
323 BC
.
Roman Empire
Ancient Greece
265 BC-476 AD
500 BC
Judaism
God
God tells Abraham
that his children will
get the land of
Palestine
Adam
Noah
Hagar
Not married
Female Maid Servant
Ishmael
Abraham
Married
Sarah
Isaac
Jacob
12 Sons
One of them is
Judah
David
Solomon
Muhammad
Begins the Muslim Religion
Islam
Joseph
Jesus
Palestine
Palestine
Dead
Sea
Turkey
Lebanon
Syria
Israel
Iraq
Jordan
Egypt
Saudi
Arabia
Iran
Lebanon
Syria
Mediterranean
Sea
West
Bank
Gaza
Strip
Jerusalem
Fighting between
Jews and Muslims
Israel
Egypt
Jordan
Ch 1 sec3
Principles of Judaism
Vocabulary
1. Polytheistic
•
Belief in many Gods (Greeks, and early Romans)
2. Monotheistic
•
Belief in one God (Jews, Christians, Muslims)
3. Judaism
•
Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the
Torah
4. Torah
•
Jewish holy text
•
Also known as the Five Books of Moses and the Old
Testament.
Vocabulary cont.
5. Covenant
•
A promise
6. Sabbath
•
A holy day for rest and worship
•
Saturday
• (Sabado)
7. Prophet
•
Spiritual leader who God communicates through.
•
Abraham, Moses, “Jesus,” Muhammad, etc.
8. diasphora
•
The scattering of the Jews
9. Famine
•
Hunger, starvation
Abraham
• Abraham: 2000 B.C.
• Father of the people of Israel
– Israelites
• God told Abraham to move from Mesopotamia to
Palestine (Canaan) (Israel)
– God’s Covenant
» God told Abraham that his descendants will inherit
the land of Palestine. (Canaan) (Israel)
• Famine forced him and his people leave Palestine
and go to Egypt
– Eventually became slaves
Moses
• Moses (1500 B.C.)
– Israelite (Hebrew) (Jew)
The Exodus
– God told Moses to lead the Israelites out of
slavery, (out of Egypt).
1. What made Judaism different from other
religions of the Roman Empire?
2. Who first migrated with his family to
Palestine and founded the Israelite
nation?
3. What happened to the Israelites after
they arrived in Egypt?
4. What is the name of the Jewish sacred
text?
5. Who led the Israelites (Jews) out of
Egypt?
Judaism
1. What was the one major act that King David
made for the Israelites? (p 29)
2. Which city did Solomon make the capital of the
Kingdom of Israel? (p 29)
3. What happened to the Kingdom of Israel after
Solomon died in 922 B.C.? (p 29)
4. What had happened to the Kingdom of Israel
by 586 B.C.? (p 29)
5. Which ruler later freed the Israelites from
captivity? (p 29)
6. How did the Diaspora cause Judaism to
spread? (p 32)
Ch 1 sec 4
The Rise of Christianity
Define the following words
• Messiah
– Savior sent by God
•
Apostle
– Jesus’ followers (12 of them)
The Rise of Christianity
1. Who was Jesus a descendant of?
2. According to the Gospels, how did Mary
learn that her son would be the messiah?
3. What caused large crowds to gather and
listen to Jesus’ teachings?
4. List at least three of Jesus’ teachings.
5. Why was Jesus executed?
6. How was Jesus executed, and what was the
regular Roman method of executing
people?
7. According to the Gospels, what
happened to Jesus after his execution?
8. How did Christianity Spread?
9. How did Paul play a major role in
spreading Christianity?
10. What happened to the Church in A.D.
1054?
Britain
Gaul
Black Sea
Spain
Palestine
Jerusalem
Mediterranean Sea
Egypt
Spread of
Christianity
AD 476-600
Britain
Gaul
Black Sea
Spain
Palestine
Jerusalem
Mediterranean Sea
Egypt
Spread of
Christianity
AD 476-600
Britain
Gaul
Black Sea
Spain
Palestine
Jerusalem
Mediterranean Sea
Egypt
Spread of
Christianity
AD 400-600
Spread of Christianity
Dead
Sea
Jerusalem