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Agenda
diēs Veneris, a.d. ix Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVI
1. Pensum Check
2. Verbal Nouns: Gerund & Supine
3. Worksheet 3 – Ex. B, C, E
4. Subjunctive – Forms & Independent Uses
Pensum:
1. Worksheet 4
Latin 3
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School
Verbal Nouns, Pt. 2:
The Gerund
The Gerund – Basics
• Gerund = verbal noun
• Looks like gerundive, but only exists in the
NEUTER SINGULAR forms
– nominative form does not exist
• Latin uses the subjective infinitive for this
• Translation: verbing
The Gerund – Forms
E.g.: legō, legere
Case
Form
Nom.
–––––
Gen.
legendī
legendō
legendum
legendō
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Gerund – Uses
• Used exactly the same as the gerundive:
– Nominative: not used
– Genitive: w/ causā or gratiā (for the sake of)
– Dative: as I.O. or w/ special adj.
– Accusative: w/ ad to express purpose
– Ablative: as an abl. of means
Distinguishing Gerunds from
Gerundives
• Basic Rule:
– If there IS a noun in the same case, number, and gender
next to or close to the –nd– form, it’s probably a gerundive
– If there is NOT a noun in the same CNG nearby the –nd–
form, it’s probably a gerund
• Another Trick:
– if your –nd– form has any ending other than –ō, –um, or –ī,
it’s a gerundive
Gerund vs. Gerundive – Genitive
Domī mānsī librī legendī causā.
Domī mānsī legendī causā.
Gerund vs. Gerundive – Dative I.O.
Multum tempus legendō dedit.
Multum tempus librō legendō dedit.
Gerund vs. Gerundive – Dative I.O.
Hic locus legendō idoneus est.
Hic locus librīs legendīs idoneus est.
Gerund vs. Gerundive – Accusative
Hūc vēnī ad librum legendum.
Hūc vēnī ad legendum.
Gerund vs. Gerundive – Ablative
Legendō multum didicit.
Librīs legendīs multum didicit.
Verbal Nouns, Pt. 3:
The Supine
The Supine – Basics
• Form: 4th PP declined like a 4th decl. neut. noun
– only in the accusative sg. (–um) and ablative sg. (–ū)
• Translation: to verb
– sounds just like an infinitive
The Supine – Uses
• Accusative (–um):
– used to express purpose after a verb of motion
– Legātī ad Caesarem grātulātum convenērunt.
The Supine – Uses
• Accusative (–um):
– used to express purpose after a verb of motion
– Legātī ad Caesarem grātulātum convenērunt.
– The envoys came to Caesar to congratulate him.
– can also take a direct object, e.g.:
– Pācem petītum lēgātōs Rōmam mittunt.
The Supine – Uses
• Accusative (–um):
– used to express purpose after a verb of motion
– Legātī ad Caesarem grātulātum convenērunt.
– The envoys came to Caesar to congratulate him.
– can also take a direct object, e.g.:
– Pācem petītum lēgātōs Rōmam mittunt.
The Supine – Uses
• Accusative (–um):
– used to express purpose after a verb of motion
– Legātī ad Caesarem grātulātum convenērunt.
– The envoys came to Caesar to congratulate him.
– can also take a direct object, e.g.:
– Pācem petītum lēgātōs Rōmam mittunt.
The Supine – Uses
• Accusative (–um):
– used to express purpose after a verb of motion
– Legātī ad Caesarem grātulātum convenērunt.
– The envoys came to Caesar to congratulate him.
– can also take a direct object, e.g.:
– Pācem petītum lēgātōs Rōmam mittunt.
– They send envoys to Rome to seek peace.
The Supine – Uses
• Ablative (–ū):
– used as an ablative of specification
– usually used with adjectives like…
• facilis, difficilis, incrēdibilis, iūcundus, mirābilis, optimus
– or used with fās est (it is right), nēfās est (it is not right),
opus est (there is a need)
– never takes a direct object
– very few forms are actually used:
• dictū, vīsū, audītū, factū, cognitū
Worksheet 3:
Ex. B, C, E
Worksheet 3, Ex. E #1
Argonautae,
cum primum omnia
ad navigandās nāvēs
parāta sunt
profectī sunt.
Worksheet 3, Ex. E #2
Iāsōn Argonautaeque in Colchida nāvigāndō
pervēnērunt.
Worksheet 3, Ex. E #3
Hūc Iāsōn Mēdēaque
arreptum vellus aureum
nāvigāvērunt.
Worksheet 3, Ex. E #3
Iāsōn dracōnem vīdit
et clamāvit, “Terribile vīsū!”
Subjunctive Mood:
Forms & Independent Uses
The Subjunctive Mood – Basics
• many uses of the subjunctive mood, mostly in
subordinate clauses
• no uniform translation for subj. verbs –
translation depends on clause in which it’s
used
• subj. mood = nonfactual; usually expresses
doubt, uncertainty, possibility, or action as
idea or wish
The Subjunctive Mood – Basics
• there are FOUR tenses of the subjunctive in
both voices
– present
– imperfect
– perfect
– pluperfect
• there is no future subj. because the future tense already
expresses an action that is nonfactual
Subjunctive Forms
• Present: pres. stem + vowel change + PEs
– Sherry wears a diamond tiara.
• Imperfect: 2nd PP + PEs
• Perfect Active: perf. stem + –erī– + PEs
• Perfect Passive: 4th PP (PPP) + pres. subj. of
sum (sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint)
Subjunctive Forms
• Pluperfect Active: perf. act. infin. + PEs
• Pluperfect Passive: 4th PP (PPP) + impf. subj. of
sum (essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent)
Independent Uses
Independent Uses
• although used predominantly in subord.
clauses, there are a few indep. uses
• In indep. (main) clauses, the subjunctive can
be used to express something…
– as willed (volitive)
– as desired (optative)
– conceived of as possible (potential)
Volitive
A. Hortatory
–
–
–
–
expresses an exhortation
limited to the 1st person plural, present tense
negated by nē
translate using “let” or “may”
Ad Colchida navigēmus.
Let us sail to Colchis.
Volitive
B. Jussive
– expresses a command
– limited to the 3rd person, (occasionally in 2nd
person)
– negated by nē
– translate using “let”
Argonautae ab īnsulā navigent.
Let the Argonauts not sail away from the island.
Volitive
C. Deliberative
– used in questions and exclamations implying doubt
– limited to the present (present time) or imperfect
(past time) subjunctive
– sometimes introduced by ut
– negated by nē
Quid dīcerem?
What was I to do?
Optative
•
•
•
used in expressions of wishing
typically preceded by utinam (‘would that…’, ‘if
only…’)
Pres. Subj. expresses a wish possible of attainment
–
–
•
Utinam tibi istam mentem deī dent.
Would that the gods give you that intention.
Impf. Subj. expresses a wish impossible of attainment
in the present
–
–
Utinam tēcum virōrum fortium cōpiam habērētis.
If only you had a number of brave men with you.
Optative
•
Plupf. Subj. expresses a wish impossible of attainment
in the past
–
–
Utinam nē mē vīdisset.
If only he had not seen me.
Potential
•
•
•
•
used to show action is possible or conceivable
present tense = immediate time
imperfect tense = past time
negated by nōn
Quis mē reprehendat?
Who can criticize me?