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Macromolecules Notes The atoms of life --- The most frequently found atoms in the body are… Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Organic Compounds = made of CARBON Bonds Bonds are what hold macromolecules together. Peptide Bonds - Hold amino acids together in proteins Covalent Bonds - Hold molecules together in carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Macromolecules --- Macromolecules are LARGE ORGANIC molecules • Also called POLYMERS • Made up of individual “building blocks” called MONOMERS Macromolecule #1 Carbohydrates Chain structure with branches A carbohydrate monomer is called a MONOSACCHARIDE Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose TWO sugar molecules = DISACCHARIDE Examples: sucrose, lactose Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called SIMPLE SUGARS ---- Polymer = POLYSACCHARIDES examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose ----Polysaccharides are COMPLEX SUGARS (more carbon bonds = longer lasting energy) Function of Carbohydrates: Short Term Energy Macromolecule #2 – Lipids Composed of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains. monomer = TRIGLYCERIDE. Fatty acid chains can be SATURATED or unsaturated Saturated all single bonds = full of hydrogen atoms SOLID at room temperature UNHEALTHY. Unsaturated o double-bonded = less hydrogen atoms LIQUIDS at room temperature HEALTHIER Lipid Functions 1. LONG-TERM energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss 3. Protection against water loss 4. Chemical messengers (hormones) 5. Major component of membranes (insulation) Macromolecule #3 – Proteins Proteins are also called Polypeptides The monomer is called an amino acid •20 different kinds of amino acids 5 functions of proteins: • Transport (e.g., hemoglobin) • Provides immunity (e.g., immune system) • Regulate the body (e.g., hormones, enzymes, metabolism) • Muscle tissue (e.g., movement) • Structural components of the body (e.g., membranes, hair, nails, etc.) Macromolecule #4 - Nucleic Acids ----TWO types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA ---- The nucleic acid monomer is called a NUCLEOTIDE. ---- Composed of 3 parts: Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. ---- There are 4 DIFFERENT nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. Functions 1. Both DNA and RNA are used to store & pass on genetic information from one generation to the next 2. Both DNA and RNA are used to create proteins (Protein Synthesis) 3. DNA controls all cell functions