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Protestant Reformation 1519-1600 Belief: Protestants and Catholics both were Christians: they believed that Christ was the son of God and that he was resurrected after his death. Protestants unlike Catholics did NOT believe that the Pope was head of the Christian Church. Practices: Protestants developed many different practices and beliefs. Some of the Protestant groups we will study were (1) Lutherans, (2) Calvinists, (3) Anabaptists, and (4) Anglicans, or “Church of England.” Lutheranism (Martin Luther) (1) denied authority of the pope (2) believed in salvation by faith, not works (3) emphasize authority of the Bible, not church officials and law (4) opposed fancy church rituals – wanted simpler church with no monks, allow priests to marry, native language instead of Latin, simpler architecture and art Lutherans were first Protestants - Calvinists came later and abolished Catholic practices Martin Luther 1510 – visited Rome as a monk – hated corruption 1517 – attacked indulgences 1519 – issued 95 Theses 1521 – Emperor Charles V called him an outlaw; church excommunicated him 1520’s – Lutheran churches created across Germany and Scandinavia, did not recognize the Pope as head Calvinism agreed with Luther’s revolt against Rome but took his ideas several steps further believed in “predestination” of souls for heaven or hell before birth – but insisted that people still had “free will” to choose good or bad life practiced strict social rules – prayer and no work Sunday, no dancing, no gambling, no theater, no Christmas, no drunkenness, no religious statues, no Latin practiced democracy and equality within each church – elected ministers by vote believed God favored good “saved” people with earthly success/money – businessmen liked this. John Calvin French middle class was Catholic priest who switched to Luther wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536 wanted an international church, not just one country did not believe in freedom of religion but insisted he had a right to decide his own religion The Reformation in England England became Protestant when King Henry VIII broke from the Pope to get his divorce England was divided between Lutherans, Calvinists and Catholics] Church of England (Anglican Church) developed under Queen Elizabeth as a comprise – King replaces Pope as head of church, but many Catholic beliefs and practices were kept Counter-Reformation 1535-1600 Catholic Church realized Protestant Reformation posed a serious threat Pope Paul II called Catholic leaders to Council of Trent to debate and decide fundamental Catholic teachings and practices Teachers and missionaries sent around the world to educate people in Catholic faith Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola to do missionary work – Canada, Japan, China, South America