Download Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 15 Section 4

Renaissance and Reformation
Chapter 15 Section 4
Key Terms and People
Counter-Reformation ____________________________________________________________
Jesuits _______________________________________________________________________
Ignatius of Loyola ______________________________________________________________
Council of Trent _______________________________________________________________
Charles Borromeo ______________________________________________________________
Francis of Sales _______________________________________________________________
Teresa of Avila ________________________________________________________________
REFORMING THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
In response to the spread of Protestantism, some Catholics worked to reform their church
during the Counter-Reformation. In the 1400s, Girolamo Savonarola preached in Florence that
churches should melt down their gold and silver to feed the poor. The pope praised Savonarola at
first, but eventually had him executed. Others reformed the church by founding religious orders.
Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits, who focused on spirituality and service.
Loyola ran the Jesuits like a military organization, establishing missions, schools and universities.
By 1700, the Jesuits operated 769 colleges and universities. These helped the Catholic Church
began to regain ground against Protestantism.
In 1545, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent. The council met over the next 18 years,
addressing problems like corruption of the clergy and the sale of indulgences. The council rejected
the emphasis of Protestants on individual faith, arguing that the church could help believers
achieve salvation by using mystery and ceremonies. The council also rejected compromise
between Catholics and Protestants. After the Council, leaders put the reforms in place. Charles
Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, built a new school for priests. Francis of Sales worked to return the
district of Savoy in France to Catholicism.
Women’s roles in the Catholic Church began to change. They had lived in secluded
convents, but by the 1500s they began to help the poor and sick. New orders arose. The Company
of Saint Ursula taught girls, while the Visitation of Holy Mary order trained women to teach. Mary
Ward of England began a network of schools for girls. Teresa of Avila thought the practices of her
convent were too lax, so she made her own strict rules. Later, she reformed the Carmelite order to
meet her own high standards.
Pope Paul III established the church court of Rome, known as the Inquisition, to counter the
Reformation. The court heard cases against people accused of being Protestants, practicing
witchcraft, or just breaking the law. The Inquisition used harsh methods such as torture and
execution. People were also warned that reading forbidden books would endanger their souls.
Why do you think the pope opposed Savonarola’s ideas but accepted the Jesuits’?
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What did the Company of Saint Ursula and the Visitation of Holy Mary order do?
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RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL EFFECTS
The Catholic Church’s changing policies caused a renewed enthusiasm for the church,
which then spread the religion to North America. Meanwhile, religious turmoil increased. Catholics
persecuted non-Catholics, while non-Catholics persecuted Catholics and each other. Many
Protestant factions formed, often disagreeing with each others’ ideas. In Spain and Portugal, Jews
and Muslims were forced to convert to Catholic Christianity or leave Spain. In other areas of
Europe, Jews had to live in ghettos, parts of the city surrounded by walls and gates that were
closed at night. Fear of witchcraft also increased at this time. Leaders accused witches of causing
hardships like bad harvests. From 1580 to 1660, thousands of people, mostly poor or women,
were executed for witchcraft.
Over time, the Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged the formation of independent
states and nations by separating political power from churches.
How did the Reformation help the Catholic Church?__________________________________
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What problems did it cause for society? ___________________________________________
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RELIGIOUS WARS AND UNREST
In 1494 the Italian Wars began, in which France and Spain vied for control of the Italian
peninsula. England and several popes also became involved before the wars ended in 1559. The
real significance of the Italian Wars was that troops returned home carrying ideas they had been
exposed to in Italy. Also, artists from Italy fled to the north, bringing new techniques and styles with
them.
In Germany, Emperor Charles V was Catholic but many of the princes were Lutheran. They
fought for years with no clear winner, so in 1555 the Peace of Augsburg was signed, giving each
prince the right to decide his subjects’ religion—either Catholic or Lutheran. It was a small step for
religious freedom.
In France, the Protestant minority fought for years against Catholics. The fighting ended
when their leader Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism. He also issued the 1598 Edict of
Nantes, granting religious toleration to Protestants.
What was the real significance of the Italian Wars? ___________________________________
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Do you think the Peace of Augsburg was fair? Why or why not? _______________________
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