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Protestant Reformation 1519-1600
Belief: Protestants and Catholics both were
Christians: they believed that Christ was the
son of God and that he was resurrected after
his death. Protestants unlike Catholics did
NOT believe that the Pope was head of the
Christian Church.
Practices: Protestants developed many
different practices and beliefs. Some of the
Protestant groups we will study were (1)
Lutherans, (2) Calvinists, (3) Anabaptists, and
(4) Anglicans, or “Church of England.”
Lutheranism (Martin Luther)
 (1) denied authority of the pope
 (2) believed in salvation by faith, not works
 (3) emphasize authority of the Bible, not
church officials and law
 (4) opposed fancy church rituals – wanted
simpler church with no monks, allow priests
to marry, native language instead of Latin,
simpler architecture and art
Lutherans were first Protestants - Calvinists
came later and abolished Catholic practices
Martin Luther
1510 – visited Rome as a
monk – hated corruption
1517 – attacked indulgences
1519 – issued 95 Theses
1521 – Emperor Charles V
called him an outlaw; church
excommunicated him
1520’s – Lutheran churches
created across Germany and
Scandinavia, did not
recognize the Pope as head
Calvinism
 agreed with Luther’s revolt against Rome but took his
ideas several steps further
 believed in “predestination” of souls for heaven or hell
before birth – but insisted that people still had “free will”
to choose good or bad life
 practiced strict social rules – prayer and no work
Sunday, no dancing, no gambling, no theater, no
Christmas, no drunkenness, no religious statues, no Latin
 practiced democracy and equality within each church –
elected ministers by vote
 believed God favored good “saved” people with earthly
success/money – businessmen liked this.
John Calvin
 French middle class
 was Catholic priest who
switched to Luther
 wrote Institutes of the
Christian Religion 1536
 wanted an international
church, not just one country
 did not believe in
freedom of religion but
insisted he had a right to
decide his own religion
The Reformation in
England
 England became Protestant
when King Henry VIII broke
from the Pope to get his divorce
 England was divided between
Lutherans, Calvinists and
Catholics]
 Church of England (Anglican
Church) developed under Queen
Elizabeth as a comprise – King
replaces Pope as head of church,
but many Catholic beliefs and
practices were kept
Counter-Reformation 1535-1600
 Catholic Church realized Protestant
Reformation posed a serious threat
 Pope Paul II called Catholic leaders to Council
of Trent to debate and decide fundamental Catholic
teachings and practices
 Teachers and missionaries sent around the world
to educate people in Catholic faith
 Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius
Loyola to do missionary work – Canada, Japan,
China, South America