Download human anatomy 101

HUMAN ANATOMY 101
Sports Medicine II
Mrs. Marr
OBJECTIVES!
• Review of major bones, muscles,
ligaments and terminology
• Identify and name major muscles
• Identify and name major bones
• Identify and name major ligaments
• Correctly define and use common
anatomical terminology
Basic Structural Levels
HUMAN BODY
Heart
Integumentary
Systems
Brain
Organs
Liver
Tissues
Lungs
Cells
Skeletal
Respiratory
Muscular
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
• The standard reference body position is called
“anatomical position”. All things we discuss in class
refer to the body in this position
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Supine
– Someone in the supine
position is lying on his
or her back.
• Prone
– Someone in the prone
position is lying face
down
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Right Lateral
Recumbent
– The Right lateral
recumbent, or RLR,
means that the patient is
lying on their right side.
• Left Lateral
Recumbent
– The left lateral
recumbent, or LLR,
means that the patient is
lying on their left side.
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Fowler's Position
– A person in the Fowler's
position is sitting straight up
or leaning slightly back.
Their legs may either be
straight or bent.
• Trendelenberg Position
– A person in the
Trendelenberg position is
lying supine with their head
slightly lower than their
feet.
PLANES
In anatomy, a body
plane is an imaginary
flat surface that is
used to define a
particular area of
anatomy. We usually
use the umbilicus as a
point of reference
PLANES
 FRONTAL (or coronal)
separates the body into
Anterior and Posterior parts
 MEDIAN (or midsagittal)
separates body into Right
and Left parts
 HORIZONTAL (transverse or
Cross-Section) separates the
body into Superior and
Inferior parts
 SAGITTAL any plane parallel
to the median plane
– Parasagittal planeLongitudinal section that
divides the body in unequal
left and right sections
Terms of Relation or Position
Directional Terms- paired terms,
each indication opposite
directions. There are different
terms when relating to
humans and other animals
Superior (closer to the head)
Inferior (closer to the feet)
reference point -- horizontal
plane
Medial (lying closer to the midline)
Lateral (lying further away from the
midline)
reference point -- sagittal
plane
Terms of Relation or Position
 Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body
 Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body
– reference point -- frontal or coronal plane
 Proximal- closer to the origin of a structure
 Distal- further away from the origin of a structure
– reference point -- the origin of a structure
Terms of Relation or Position
Superficial or Deep
reference point -- surface of body or
organ
Median- midline
reference point -- along the
midsagittal or median plane
Intermediate -between two other
structures
Terms of Relation or Position
External or Internal refers to a hollow
structure (external being outside and
internal being inside)
Supine - face or palm up when lying on back
Prone- face or palm down when lying on anterior
surface of body
Terms of Relation or Position
Cephalad- toward the head (higher in
position)
Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in
position)
Regional Terms
Regional Terms-refer to
special areas of the body
Cervical- refer to the neck
Palmar- the anterior
surface of the hand; the
posterior surface of the
hand is the dorsal surface
Regional Terms
Thoracic- the portion of the
body between the neck
and the abdomen that is
commonly referred to as
the chest or thorax
Dorsum- the top of the foot
Plantar- the sole of the foot
Regional Terms
 Axilla (armpit)- the
depression on the inferior
surface of the attachment of
the upper limb and the body
trunk
 Arm- the portion of the
upper limb between the
shoulder and the elbow
 Forearm- the potion of the
upper limb between the
elbow and the wrist
Regional Terms
 Groin (inguinal region)- the
junction of the thigh with
the abdominal wall
 Thigh- the portion of the
lower limb between the hip
and knee
 Leg- the portion of the
lower limb between the
knee and ankle
Low Back
o Lumbar- the portion
of the back between
the thorax and the
pelvis
o Sacral- the lower
portion of the back,
just superior to the
buttocks
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Flexion
– Flexion is to bend at a joint,
or to reduce the angle
Flexion increasing
angle with frontal
plane.
• Extension
– Extension is to straighten at
a joint, or to increase the
angle, for example, from 90
degrees to 180 degrees.
Extension decreasing
angle with frontal
plane
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Abduction
– Abduction is movement
away from the midline, or
to abduct.
Abduction moving
away from the
sagittal plane
• Adduction
– Adduction is movement
toward the midline, or to
add. Adduction toward
the sagittal plane
Terms of Movement
 Protraction moving forward along a
surface
 Retraction backward along a surface
Terms of Movement
 Elevation raising a structure
(Shoulder Shrugs)
 Depression lowering a structure
Terms of Movement
 Medial Rotation
movement around an
axis of a bone
 Lateral Rotation
movement around an
axis of a bone
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Supination
– Supination is to rotate the
forearm so that the palm
faces forward.
Supination placing
palm forward (in
anatomical position)
• Pronation
– Pronation is to rotate the
forearm so that the palm
faces backward.
Pronation placing
palm backward (in
anatomical position)
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Medial/ Lateral
Rotation is at the
Tibia (knee Joint)- not
Inversion/ Eversion
which occurs at the
Ankle Joint
Terms of Movement
 Circumduction-combined movements
of flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction
medial and lateral rotation
(circumscribe a cone)
 Opposition- bringing tips of fingers
and thumb together as in picking
something up
Abdomen
Before getting into the nitty gritty of
the abdomen, keep in mind that
you want to be able to use your
knowledge to project the anatomy
onto the surface of the abdomen.
You will want to be able to
visualize the relative positions of
abdominal organs as they lie within
the abdomen. Clinicians might use
several different ways of
subdividing the surface of the
anterior abdominal wall but I will
only present two of them here. By
subdividing the surface into
regions, one person can tell
another person exactly where to
look for possible problems.
Abdominopelvic
area is divided
into four
quadrants :




Right Upper
Right Lower
Left Upper
Left Lower
1.upper left quadrant
ULQ
2.lower left quadrant
LLQ
3.upper right quadrant
URQ
4.lower right quadrant
LRQ
These quadrants are developed
by dropping a vertical line
down the middle of the
sternum MSP
and a horizontal line across and
through the umbilicus TUP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The abdominal cavity can also be
divided into nine regions to make it
easier to identify organs
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac (inguinal)
Hypogastric
Left iliac (inguinal)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9 abdominal regions:
right hypochondriac RH
epigastric E
left hypochondriac LH
right lumbar RL
umbilical U
left lumbar LL
right iliac RI
hypogastric H
left iliac LI
These regions are formed by two
vertical planes and two horizontal
planes.
The two vertical planes are the lateral lines
LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from
a point half way between the jugular notch
and the acromion process.
The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric
plane TPP and the transtubercular plane
TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the
iliac crests.
Body Cavities
Body cavities- lined with
membranes and contains fluid
that surrounds structures within
the cavities.
Dorsal (posterior) Cavity- contains
the cranial cavity (brain) and
spinal cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral (anterior) Cavity- thoracic
cavity – consists of the
pericardial (heart) and pleural
(left & right lungs) cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity- consists of
the abdominal (stomach, spleen,
liver, gall bladder, pancreas,
small & large intestines) and
pelvic cavity, “true pelvis",
bladder, rectum, female internal
reproductive organs).
QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?
What will
you have to
know…
Skeletal System
• You should be able to locate and identify the following bones in the
human body.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Skull
Nasal bone
Zygomatic arch
Mandible
Maxilla
Cervical vertebrate
Clavicle
Scapula
Thoracic vertebrate
Ilium
Pubis
Coccyx
Patella
Fibula
Metatarsals
- Ribs
- Talus
- Xyphoid process - Phalanges
- Sternum
- Lumbar vertebrate
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
- Ischium
- Sacrum
- Femur
- Tibia
- Calcaneus
- Tarsals
Muscular System
• You should be able to locate and identify the
following muscles or muscle groups:
Trapezius
Anterior Tibialis
Biceps Brachii
Triceps Brachii
Deltoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Gluteus Maximus
Semitendonosis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis
Semimembranosis
Biceps Femoris
Vastus Intermedius
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Rectus Abdominus
External Obliques
Serratus Anterior
Latissimus Dorsi
Achilles Tendon
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Rectus Femoris
Major Ligaments
• You should be able to locate and identify the
following ligaments:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Acromioclavicular Lig.
Sternoclavicular Lig.
Ulnar Collateral Lig.
Radial Collateral Lig.
Glenohumeral Lig.
Annular Lig.
Coracoclavicular Lig.
Anterior Cruciate Lig.
- Iliofemoral Lig.
- Medial Collateral Lig.
- Lateral Collateral Lig.
- Anterior Talofibular Lig.
- Deltoid Lig.
- Posterior Talofibular Lig.
- Posterior Cruciate Lig.
Posterior View
Spin
ous
Proc
ess
(C7)
Spine of
the Scapula
Paraspinals
s
u
i
z Infraspinatus
e
p
a
r
T
id
o
t
l
e
D Rhomboids
Teres Major/Minor
Latis
s
Dors imus
i
Spinous
Process
(T12)
Anterior View of the Thorax
Cla
vic
le
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Acromion
SC Joint
Pe
ct
or
al
is
M
aj
or
d
i
o
lt
e
D
Sternum
Latissimus
Dorsi
Serratus Anterior
Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
a
b
l
A
a
e
n
Li
Hamstrings (Semiteninosus,Semimembranosus, Biceps Femoris)
Illiac Crest
Greater Trochanter
(Femur)
Hip Flexors (Illopsoas, Rectus Femoris,Tensor Faciae Latae
Pectineus,Gracilis, Sartorius)
Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris,Vastus Lateralis,
Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis)
Groin/Anterior Thigh (Adductors,
Pectineus, Gracilis)
Pectineus
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Adductor
Magnus
Vastus Lateralis
Adductor Longus
Tensor Faciae
Latae
Gracilis
Gracilis
Vastus Lateralis
Biceps
Femoris
Semiteninosus
Vastus Medialis
Semimembranosus
Lateral Femoral
Condyle
Lateral Joint
Line
Fibular Head
Tibialis Anterior
Popiteal
Fossa
Patella
Medial Joint Line
Patellar Tendon
Tibia
Gastrocnemius
Extensor
Digitorum
Achilles
Tendon
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Peroneus
Medial Malleolus
Lateral Malleolus
Calcaneus
Plantar Fascia