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Warm Up: Why do we study history? Answer on the provided Post-It and attach to the board. Artifact Stations: Study each artifact carefully. On the chart provided, note its special features and possible functions or use. How does this artifact help us learn about the past? What occupations study the types of artifacts we’re using today? Look back at your artifact. How would an archaeologist view this artifact? How would an anthropologist view this artifact? Peopling the Earth Time Periods •Prehistory - before writing •B.C. & A.D. – developed by a monk around A.D. 532 •B.C. – “Before Christ” •A.D. – “Anno Domini” The Stone Ages •Paleolithic - Old Stone Age: 2,500,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C. •Neolithic – New Stone Age: 8,000 to 4,000 B.C. Paleolithic Age • The Ice Ages – 100,000 to 8,000 B.C. • Humans were able to adapt environment through use of fire • Land bridges made possible the spread of humans Beringia Paleolithic Age • Made tools • Used lava rocks to cut meat & crack bones • Used spears to hunt & fish with • Hunting men and gathering women • NOMADIC – moving from place to place Human Migration Paleolithic Age • Humans found shelter in caves • Cave paintings left behind Neolithic Age • The Neolithic Revolution – dawn of systematic agriculture • Animals – dogs, goats, oxen, cattle, pigs, chickens, sheep • Crops – grains, bananas, yams, rice, wheat, barley • Rise of villages – Jericho & Catal Huyuk (8,000 B.C.) Çatal Hüyük Neolithic Age • Technological advances o Agricultural – sickle, pottery, plow, fertilizer o Loom – for weaving flax & cotton o Artisans made jewelry & weapons The Agricultural Revolution • Farming developed independently in different parts of the world • Most likely due to climate changes • Slash & Burn – cut trees and burn to clear a field Middle East 8,000 BC India Central America 7,000 BC 6,500 BC China 6,000 BC Southeast Asia 5,000 BC Africa: The Nile River Valley wheat, barley China: Huang He (Yellow River) Valley grain (millet), and rice Mexico & Central America corn, beans, squash Peru tomatoes, sweet potatoes, white potatoes 8,000 B.C. Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey ) 6,000 inhabitants 12 cultivated crops Division of labor Engaged in trade Organized religion Small military An obsidian dagger Advanced Advanced Cities Technology Specialized Record- Workers Keeping Complex Institutions Civilizations 1. ADVANCED CITIES CENTER OF TRADE – VARIETY OF GOODS 2. SPECIALIZED WORKERS SKILLS IN A SPECIFIC KIND OF WORK 3. COMPLEX INSTITUIONS GOVERNMENT, RELIGION, ECONOMY 4. RECORD KEEPING TAX, LAWS, STORAGE OF GRAIN, CALENDAR OF RITUALS 5. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PLOWS, IRRIGATION, BRONZE AGE FOR WEAPONS • Civilizations developed in river valleys because they provided: – Resources (water, fertile soil) – Transportation to support trade – Sustainable food supply • Mesopotamia (Sumeria) – Tigris & Euphrates Rivers • Egypt – Nile River • India – Indus River • China – Yangtze (Yellow) River Mesopotamia • “land between the rivers”, lies in the Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia (Modern-day southern Iraq) • Inhabitants: Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians Group Work Directions • Create a thinking map that explains how ancient Sumer exemplified your assigned civilization characteristic. • Present your findings to the class. • Jobs: – Recorder (1) – Write legibly! – Researchers (3) – Use your text! – Timekeeper (1) – In addition to another job – Presenters (2) – Speak slowly and audibly! Banks of the Euphrates River (Sumer) Population 30,000 3000 B.C. Well defined social classes Barter system Ziggurat (Temple) is center of city life Ziggurat at Ur Temple “Mountain of the Gods” Resources • Susan Pojer: Horace Greely HS – NY • Darrell Wells: Mt. Pleasants HS – NC • Patrick Helm: Hickory Ridge HS – NC