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The Age of Discovery Begins Europe, Asia, and Africa 1415-1796 Warm up What is the cartoonist trying to convey? The Age of Exploration Two developments drastically altered the world in which Europeans lived: The Reformation and over seas expansion. While the reformation and renaissance drastically changed culture religion and social life in Europe, overseas exploration bought Europeans in contact with ancient civilizations which led to conquest, exploration and then profound social changes in Europe and the conquered lands. Wars were fought for expansion while Europeans carried their attitudes to the newly acquired territories. Motivation for Exploring the seas During the crusades Europeans were introduced to many new things from Asia; brought over land The Black Death and break up of the Mongol Empire disrupted the land trade. Most valued items were spices and perfumes Chief source of Spices was Moluccas, an island in present day Indonesia Muslims and Italians control most of the trade routes east Land Spice Routes Portuguese Sails East ► ► ► ► ► Early 1400’s Portugal fought of the Muslims who held the southern portion of their country Portuguese wanted new route to Asia around Africa, Found gold in Africa, set about mapping the west African coast Prince Henry gathered scientist and cartographers at Sarges in south Portugal and they redesigned ships, trained captains and crews, created maps for long voyages Slowly worked their way south along the western coast of Africa Mapping The African Coast ► Cartographers: Map makers, they begin to chart more accurate maps of the world ► The use of new tools Magnetic Compass Astrolabe Mercator projection Telescope Magnetic Compass Used to determine direction A magnetic needle floating in a dish of liquid that points to magnetic north Made it possible to find direction at sea Sometimes iron on the ship would mess up its direction Astrolabe Device used to measure the angles of the sun and stars above the horizon Was difficult to use on rough seas Improvement over “how many hands” Led to the development of the Sextant Telescope Used for determining the altitude of the sun or stars Measured degrees of latitude could find a ship’s position Movements of the ship did not affect the readings Did not have to look directly at the sun Mercator Projection Map projection that shows straight lines of latitude and longitude Size distorted Shows true direction of places in relation to each other Seeking India ► Henry died in 1460 but Portugal continues its quest ► 1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa naming it the Cape of Good Hope Seeking India ► ► ► ► ► ► Dias gets blow off course and could not finish the voyage 1497 Vasco de Gama takes four ships and sails around the cape up the eastern coast of Africa Despite rough conditions and scurvy and he lost two ships and half the crew 10 months later the ships pulled into Calicut a spice rich city. De Gama returned with his cargo and sold it for 3000% profit Quickly set about regrouping his fleet and returned forcing Calicut into a trade treaty De Gama’s trade innovation lead to the creation of a world wide trading network for Portugal Quiz for Understanding 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Two Things happened that changed the course of World History One was the reformation what was the second? The Country that led the way in the spice trade? The name of the Prince that started a navigation school… The Country Europeans were trying to get to for trade… What was the percent profit that de Gama’s first voyage returned? Spain get into the Spice Trade ► Profitable Portuguese voyages make the rest of Europe want to get involved ► Spain begins to show an interest in seas exploration ► Commissioned Christopher Columbus to sail west to the Indies for spice Checkpoint ► How did Portuguese exploration lead to the creation of a trading empire? Grabber Christopher Columbus Good Guy or Bad Guy ► Think, ► In Pair, Share your opinion is Columbus a historical Hero or Villain Quick Review ► How did Portuguese exploration lead to the creation of a trading empire? Columbus sails West ► 1492 Columbus convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to commission his voyage to Asia ► Reasoned that the trip would only take a few weeks ► The same time Spain drove out Muslim invaders and the new monarchy needed a source of wealth ► Spain wanted to by-pass the Italian/Muslim monopoly of trading in the mid east ► Isabella also wanted to spread Christianity to Asia Reaching Far Away Lands ► ► ► ► ► August 3, 1492 Columbus set out for Asia on three ships, The Nina, The Pinta, and the Santa Maria He also carried a letter to the ruler of China and interpreters for the people he met in Asia October 12, 1492 sighted what they though was Asia but actually an Island the Caribbean Since Columbus thought was in the Indies he called the people Indians He returned to Spain a hero and made three more voyages to “India” never knowing the magnitude of his discovery Dividing the Globe in Half ► Papal Line of Demarcation ► After Columbus it is figured out that he discovered a whole new land ► Spain appeals to the Spanish born Pope Alexander VI to intervene ► East of the line Portugal's and west Spain's ► Later ratified with the Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 which moved the line Naming the Western Hemisphere An Italian captain named Amerigo Vespuci wrote a journal describing his voyage to Brazil. In 1507 a German cartographer, Martin Waldersemuller later used his descriptions of the region to aid in his creation of a map and named it America and the name stuck lucky for us. United States of Waldersemuller? Checkpoint ► How did Columbus influence the Treaty of Tordesillas? Search for a Direct Route Continues ► English, French, and Dutch unsuccessfully explore North America for a Northwest passage ► 1513 Vasco Balboa crosses Panama and sees a body of water he named the South Sea Ferdinand Magellan ► September 20, 1519 Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with five ship to sail south around South America to Asia ► Carefully explored every bay ► Strait of Magellan that despite its violent tide surges and storms they were able to cross ► Renamed Balboa’s South Seas the Pacific ocean meaning peaceful ► Upon making it to the Pacific the majority of the crew wanted to go back The voyage continues… ► ► ► ► ► Magellan wanted to continue to Asia, but did not know how large the Pacific was Took four more months to reach the Philippians Mutinies put down Magellan killed by locals while resupplying The survivors made it to Spain and were the first to circumnavigate the world Checkpoint ► What was the significance of Balboa’s discovery? Objectives Obtained? ► What was the motivations for Europeans exploring the seas? ► Discuss early Portuguese and Spanish explorations ► Describe European searches for a direct route to Asia Turbulent Centuries in Africa ► Mombasa ► Malindi ► Plantation ► Affonso I ► Missionary ► Asante kingdom ► Osei Tutu ► Monopoly ► Oyo Empire ► Cape Town ► Boers Objectives ► Describe how the Portuguese established a foothold on Africa’s coast ► Analyze how European actions affected the slave trade and the rise of African states ► Explain how European presence in Africa expanded Portugal Gains a foothold ► Portuguese begin to build small forts on African coast to collect supplies and repair ships ► Establish trading post and start to trade Guns for ivory, gold, hides, and slaves ► Forts were not colonies, but just enough men and firepower to defend the fort Mombasa and Malindi ► Ft. Jesus, Mombasa ► Portuguese establish two major trade hubs in East Africa ► Mombasa (in modern day Kenya ) and Malindi become post for the Portuguese to the Indian Ocean ► Expelled Arabs who controlled the area ► Did not venture inland, knew little about Africa’s interior ► Africans resisted giving up their control of gold this limited the Portuguese Checkpoint ► Why did the Portuguese establish a presence mainly on the African Coast? The African Slave Trade Explodes ► 1600’s Europeans begin to view slaves as the most important item from Africa ► In the past slaves mostly come from defeated foes ► The world Slave comes from Russian Slav for the vast number of Russians enslaved by the Roman Empire Europeans Enter the Slave Trade ► Portuguese Quickly joined the profitable slave trade ► Brought a large number of slaves to preform tasks on Plantations ► Rich Europeans bought slaves as exotic servants ► European participation encouraged a much broader expansion in the slave trade ► Europeans seldom went into the interior of Africa but relied on African rulers and traders to provide slaves ► They would exchange for guns, rum, tobacco, textiles and metal African leaders resist African leaders try to slow down the trade ► Affonso I ruler of Kongo was early voice against slave trade ► Educated by Portuguese missionaries later became King in 1505 ► Called for the Portuguese to help develop Kongo into a modern Christian state ► Backfired more Portuguese came to African and more bought and traded slaves ► Checkpoint ► How did the African slave trade expand? New African States Arise ► Many African countries profited from European influence during the 1500-1600’s ► They would use money made from the sale of slaves to build kingdoms The Asante Kingdom ► ► ► ► Late 1600’s Osei TuTu united the people of the region and created the Asante Kingdom Asante fought against neighboring kingdoms Managed royal Monopolies on gold mining and Slave trade Exchanged Slaves for guns with Europe The Oyo Empire ► Rose from settlements of Yoruba in present day Nigeria ► Used wealth from slave trade to raise and army to conquer neighboring kingdoms ► Traded with Europeans at port city of Porto-Novo Checkpoint ► What caused some African states to grow? The European Presence Expands ► Following Portugal's example other European powers begin to establish forts on Africa's west coast As Portuguese power declines ► French, British, and Dutch begin to take over ► 1653 Dutch built Cape Town in present day South Africa ► Dutch farmers/settlers called Boers ► Held a Calvinist belief and thought God looked on Africans as inferior ► Ousted and enslaved the native population ► Boers begin to expand outward ► The Boer expand into the continent of Africa ► Encounter native tribes and people ► Later when British take over the colony many Dutch resent British rule and head north ► The would then clash with the Zulu ► Fighting quickly broke out the Zulu held out, but lost to the Boers because they had guns Checkpoint ► How did European presence in Africa expand? Objectives met? ► Why did the Portuguese Establish a presence mainly along the African Coast? ► How did African slave trade expand? ► What caused African states to grow? ► How did the European presence in Africa expand? European foothold in South and Southeast Asia Alfonso de Albuquerque ► Mughal Empire ► Goa ► Malacca ► outpost ► Dutch East India Co. ► Sovereign ► Philippines ► sepoys ► Portugal’s Sea Power Portugal was the first European power to gain a foothold in Asia. The Portuguese Ships were small in size and number but their firepower was unmatched. At the time their firepower helped them control the rich Indian ocean and dominate the trade from Asia Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire ► After de Gama Portuguese Commander Afonso de Albuquerque takes command of the Indian Ocean exploration ► Muslim rulers had established the Mughal empire in northern India but the south is still controlled by a loose network of Princes ► Albuquerque Promises protection against the Muslims and other Europeans in exchange for trading rights ► Portugal hoped to turn the Indian Ocean into a Portuguese Lake A Rim of trading post ► 1510 Portugal seizes the island of Goa of the coast of India and makes the island a major military base ► 1511 Portugal seizes the city of Malacca ► Albuquerque's fleet destroys any Muslim ships they encounter at sea and burn coastal Muslim towns, killing the local Muslim population. ► Less than 50 years Portugal built a trading empire with the help of its military establishing merchant outpost for trade ► They used seized cities on the coast of Africa to resupply and repair ships ► For the most part Portugal controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia Not great converters ► Despite all their sea power the Portuguese lacked the resources to explore further into the regions the settled ► Upon reaching a new city they would want to capture they would destroy any Muslim or Hindu establishment killing the local population as a result had a very low conversion rate to Christianity Rise of the Dutch The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge the Portuguese domination of the Indian ocean and spice trade. The land we know today as the Netherlands was at one time part of a trading network on the North Sea and The Holy Roman Empire. With the expansion of Protestantism the Dutch won their independence and vigorously began competing for over seas dominance Building a Mighty Sea Power 1599 a Dutch Fleet returned from a year long trip to Asia with a cargo full of valuable spice’s This led to a huge frenzy of overseas activity Dutch warships and cargo ships put the Dutch on the fore front of exploration and trade Like the Portuguese, The Dutch start to set up a trading network to India They charted routes that would bypass the shipping lanes of the Portuguese and set up Cape town in South Africa where they could repair and resupply ships Cape Town Dutch East India Company ► 1602 a wealthy group of Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East Indies Company ► Used Military to expand Dutch Trading Empire ► 1641 captured Malacca from the Portuguese and opened up trade with China ► Soon they enforced a Monopoly on trade to the Spice Islands in India ► Forged better relations with the locals than the Portuguese Dutch Dominance The wealth made by many Dutch is brought home to Netherlands and they begin to build tall water front mansions still in use today Dutch began to take Asian woman home to the Netherlands to be wives Hired artist to paint portraits such as Rembrandt Would dominate the seas until the rise of the English and French Spain and the Philippines While Portugal and the Dutch fought over India the Spanish concentrated on the Philippines Claimed by Magellan in 1521 the Philippines were easily conquered because there was no central government just a loosely attached group of Islands Spanish Seize control and name it for King Phillip II By 1575 Spain controlled the coastal regions and soon extended inward controlling most of the archipelago by the 1600’s ► Christianity Expands in the Philippians Apart from promoting trade the Spanish also wanted to spread Roman Catholicism through out the archipelago Rulers and Missionaries pressured local leaders to convert to Christianity Missionaries encountered resistance in the High lands to conversion Over time the most Filipinos converted and by the 19th century the Philippians became one of the most fervent Roman Catholic lands in the world Jesuit map and two missionaries Mughal India and European Traders ► They are the local leaders of India that encounter the Portuguese and Dutch ► Controlled the spice trade, manufactured textiles, exported silk ► Europeans sought trading rights with the Mughals. Emperors granted the right seeing no threat from the Europeans ► Warring Hindus and Muslims eventually led to the downfall of the Mughals. Years of civil war drained the resources. Mughal leader levied high taxes to pay for the war ► Eventually the English take over India after fighting the French with the help of the Mughal's Army Quick Review ► How did the Portuguese control the spice trade? ► How did the Dutch build up a strong presence in India? ► Why was Spain able to conquer the Philippines? ► How did Britain gain control of India?