Download Motivation for Exploring the seas

The Age of Discovery
Begins
Europe, Asia, and Africa
1415-1796
Warm up
What is the
cartoonist trying
to convey?
The Age of Exploration
Two developments drastically altered the world in
which Europeans lived: The Reformation and over
seas expansion. While the reformation and
renaissance drastically changed culture religion and
social life in Europe, overseas exploration bought
Europeans in contact with ancient civilizations which
led to conquest, exploration and then profound social
changes in Europe and the conquered lands.
Wars were fought for expansion while Europeans
carried their attitudes to the newly acquired
territories.
Motivation for
Exploring the seas
During the crusades
Europeans were introduced
to many new things from
Asia; brought over land
The Black Death and break
up of the Mongol Empire
disrupted the land trade.
Most valued items were
spices and perfumes
Chief source of Spices was
Moluccas, an island in
present day Indonesia
Muslims and Italians control
most of the trade routes east
Land Spice Routes
Portuguese Sails East
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Early 1400’s Portugal fought of
the Muslims who held the
southern portion of their
country
Portuguese wanted new route
to Asia around Africa,
Found gold in Africa, set about
mapping the west African coast
Prince Henry gathered scientist
and cartographers at Sarges in
south Portugal and they
redesigned ships, trained
captains and crews, created
maps for long voyages
Slowly worked their way south
along the western coast of
Africa
Mapping The African Coast
► Cartographers:
Map makers, they begin to
chart more accurate maps of the world
► The
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use of new tools
Magnetic Compass
Astrolabe
Mercator projection
Telescope
Magnetic
Compass
Used to determine direction
A magnetic needle floating
in a dish of liquid that
points to magnetic north
Made it possible to find
direction at sea
Sometimes iron on the ship
would mess up its direction
Astrolabe
Device used to measure the
angles of the sun and stars
above the horizon
Was difficult to use on
rough seas
Improvement over “how
many hands”
Led to the development of
the Sextant
Telescope
Used for determining
the altitude of the sun
or stars
Measured degrees of
latitude could find a
ship’s position
Movements of the ship
did not affect the
readings
Did not have to look
directly at the sun
Mercator
Projection
Map projection that
shows straight
lines of latitude
and longitude
Size distorted
Shows true
direction of places
in relation to each
other
Seeking India
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Henry died in 1460 but Portugal
continues its quest
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1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded
the southern tip of Africa
naming it the Cape of Good
Hope
Seeking India
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Dias gets blow off course and could
not finish the voyage
1497 Vasco de Gama takes four
ships and sails around the cape up
the eastern coast of Africa
Despite rough conditions and scurvy
and he lost two ships and half the
crew 10 months later the ships
pulled into Calicut a spice rich city.
De Gama returned with his cargo
and sold it for 3000% profit
Quickly set about regrouping his
fleet and returned forcing Calicut
into a trade treaty
De Gama’s trade innovation lead to
the creation of a world wide trading
network for Portugal
Quiz for Understanding 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Two Things happened that changed the course of
World History One was the reformation what was
the second?
The Country that led the way in the spice trade?
The name of the Prince that started a navigation
school…
The Country Europeans were trying to get to for
trade…
What was the percent profit that de Gama’s first
voyage returned?
Spain get into the Spice Trade
► Profitable
Portuguese voyages make the
rest of Europe want to get involved
► Spain begins to show an interest in seas
exploration
► Commissioned Christopher Columbus to sail
west to the Indies for spice
Checkpoint
► How
did Portuguese exploration lead to the
creation of a trading empire?
Grabber
Christopher Columbus
Good Guy or Bad Guy
► Think,
► In
Pair, Share
your opinion is
Columbus a historical
Hero or Villain
Quick Review
► How
did Portuguese exploration lead to the
creation of a trading empire?
Columbus sails West
► 1492
Columbus convinced Ferdinand and Isabella
of Spain to commission his voyage to Asia
► Reasoned that the trip would only take a few
weeks
► The same time Spain drove out Muslim invaders
and the new monarchy needed a source of wealth
► Spain wanted to by-pass the Italian/Muslim
monopoly of trading in the mid east
► Isabella also wanted to spread Christianity to Asia
Reaching Far Away Lands
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August 3, 1492 Columbus set
out for Asia on three ships, The
Nina, The Pinta, and the Santa
Maria
He also carried a letter to the
ruler of China and interpreters
for the people he met in Asia
October 12, 1492 sighted what
they though was Asia but
actually an Island the Caribbean
Since Columbus thought was in
the Indies he called the people
Indians
He returned to Spain a hero and
made three more voyages to
“India” never knowing the
magnitude of his discovery
Dividing the Globe in Half
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Papal Line of Demarcation
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After Columbus it is figured out
that he discovered a whole new
land
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Spain appeals to the Spanish
born Pope Alexander VI to
intervene
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East of the line Portugal's and
west Spain's
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Later ratified with the Treaty of
Tordesillas 1494 which moved
the line
Naming the Western Hemisphere
An Italian captain named Amerigo Vespuci
wrote a journal describing his voyage to
Brazil. In 1507 a German cartographer,
Martin Waldersemuller later used his
descriptions of the region to aid in his
creation of a map and named it America
and the name stuck lucky for us.
United States of Waldersemuller?
Checkpoint
► How
did Columbus influence the Treaty of
Tordesillas?
Search for a Direct Route Continues
► English,
French, and
Dutch unsuccessfully
explore North America
for a Northwest
passage
► 1513
Vasco Balboa
crosses Panama and
sees a body of water
he named the South
Sea
Ferdinand Magellan
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September 20, 1519 Ferdinand
Magellan set out from Spain
with five ship to sail south
around South America to Asia
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Carefully explored every bay
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Strait of Magellan that despite
its violent tide surges and
storms they were able to cross
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Renamed Balboa’s South Seas
the Pacific ocean meaning
peaceful
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Upon making it to the Pacific
the majority of the crew wanted
to go back
The voyage continues…
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Magellan wanted to
continue to Asia, but did
not know how large the
Pacific was
Took four more months to
reach the Philippians
Mutinies put down
Magellan killed by locals
while resupplying
The survivors made it to
Spain and were the first to
circumnavigate the world
Checkpoint
► What
was the significance of Balboa’s
discovery?
Objectives Obtained?
► What
was the motivations for Europeans
exploring the seas?
► Discuss
early Portuguese and Spanish
explorations
► Describe
European searches for a direct
route to Asia
Turbulent Centuries in Africa
► Mombasa
► Malindi
► Plantation
► Affonso
I
► Missionary
► Asante kingdom
► Osei
Tutu
► Monopoly
► Oyo Empire
► Cape Town
► Boers
Objectives
► Describe
how the Portuguese established a
foothold on Africa’s coast
► Analyze
how European actions affected the
slave trade and the rise of African states
► Explain
how European presence in Africa
expanded
Portugal Gains a foothold
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Portuguese begin to build small forts on African coast to
collect supplies and repair ships
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Establish trading post and start to trade Guns for ivory,
gold, hides, and slaves
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Forts were not colonies, but just enough men and
firepower to defend the fort
Mombasa and Malindi
► Ft.
Jesus, Mombasa
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Portuguese establish two major
trade hubs in East Africa
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Mombasa (in modern day Kenya
) and Malindi become post for
the Portuguese to the Indian
Ocean
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Expelled Arabs who controlled
the area
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Did not venture inland, knew
little about Africa’s interior
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Africans resisted giving up their
control of gold this limited the
Portuguese
Checkpoint
► Why
did the Portuguese establish a
presence mainly on the African Coast?
The African Slave Trade Explodes
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1600’s Europeans begin to view
slaves as the most important
item from Africa
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In the past slaves mostly come
from defeated foes
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The world Slave comes from
Russian Slav for the vast
number of Russians enslaved by
the Roman Empire
Europeans Enter the Slave Trade
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Portuguese Quickly joined the profitable slave trade
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Brought a large number of slaves to preform tasks on Plantations
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Rich Europeans bought slaves as exotic servants
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European participation encouraged a much broader expansion in the slave
trade
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Europeans seldom went into the interior of Africa but relied on African rulers
and traders to provide slaves
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They would exchange for guns, rum, tobacco, textiles and metal
African leaders resist
African leaders try to slow down the trade
► Affonso I ruler of Kongo was early voice against slave
trade
► Educated by Portuguese missionaries later became King in
1505
► Called for the Portuguese to help develop Kongo into a
modern Christian state
► Backfired more Portuguese came to African and more
bought and traded slaves
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Checkpoint
► How
did the African slave trade expand?
New African States Arise
► Many
African countries profited from
European influence during the 1500-1600’s
► They
would use money made from the sale
of slaves to build kingdoms
The Asante Kingdom
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Late 1600’s Osei TuTu
united the people of the
region and created the
Asante Kingdom
Asante fought against
neighboring kingdoms
Managed royal Monopolies
on gold mining and Slave
trade
Exchanged Slaves for guns
with Europe
The Oyo Empire
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Rose from settlements of
Yoruba in present day
Nigeria
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Used wealth from slave
trade to raise and army to
conquer neighboring
kingdoms
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Traded with Europeans at
port city of Porto-Novo
Checkpoint
► What
caused some African states to grow?
The European Presence Expands
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Following Portugal's example other European powers begin to establish
forts on Africa's west coast
As Portuguese power declines
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French, British, and Dutch begin to take over
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1653 Dutch built Cape Town in present day South Africa
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Dutch farmers/settlers called Boers
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Held a Calvinist belief and thought God looked on Africans as inferior
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Ousted and enslaved the native population
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Boers begin to expand outward
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The Boer expand into the
continent of Africa
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Encounter native tribes and
people
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Later when British take over the
colony many Dutch resent
British rule and head north
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The would then clash with the
Zulu
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Fighting quickly broke out the
Zulu held out, but lost to the
Boers because they had guns
Checkpoint
► How
did European presence in Africa
expand?
Objectives met?
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Why did the Portuguese Establish a presence mainly along
the African Coast?
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How did African slave trade expand?
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What caused African states to grow?
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How did the European presence in Africa expand?
European foothold in South and
Southeast Asia
Alfonso de Albuquerque
► Mughal Empire
► Goa
► Malacca
► outpost
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Dutch East India Co.
► Sovereign
► Philippines
► sepoys
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Portugal’s Sea Power
Portugal was the first
European power to gain a
foothold in Asia. The
Portuguese Ships were
small in size and number
but their firepower was
unmatched. At the time
their firepower helped them
control the rich Indian
ocean and dominate the
trade from Asia
Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire
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After de Gama Portuguese Commander Afonso de Albuquerque takes
command of the Indian Ocean exploration
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Muslim rulers had established the Mughal empire in northern India but the
south is still controlled by a loose network of Princes
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Albuquerque Promises protection against the Muslims and other Europeans in
exchange for trading rights
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Portugal hoped to turn the Indian Ocean into a Portuguese Lake
A Rim of trading post
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1510 Portugal seizes the island of Goa of the coast of India and makes the
island a major military base
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1511 Portugal seizes the city of Malacca
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Albuquerque's fleet destroys any Muslim ships they encounter at sea and burn
coastal Muslim towns, killing the local Muslim population.
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Less than 50 years Portugal built a trading empire with the help of its military
establishing merchant outpost for trade
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They used seized cities on the coast of Africa to resupply and repair ships
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For the most part Portugal controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia
Not great converters
► Despite
all their sea power the Portuguese lacked
the resources to explore further into the regions
the settled
► Upon
reaching a new city they would want to
capture they would destroy any Muslim or Hindu
establishment killing the local population as a
result had a very low conversion rate to
Christianity
Rise of the Dutch
The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge the
Portuguese domination of the Indian ocean and
spice trade. The land we know today as the
Netherlands was at one time part of a trading
network on the North Sea and The Holy Roman
Empire. With the expansion of Protestantism the
Dutch won their independence and vigorously began
competing for over seas dominance
Building a Mighty Sea
Power
1599 a Dutch Fleet returned from a
year long trip to Asia with a cargo
full of valuable spice’s
This led to a huge frenzy of
overseas activity
Dutch warships and cargo ships put
the Dutch on the fore front of
exploration and trade
Like the Portuguese, The Dutch
start to set up a trading network to
India
They charted routes that would
bypass the shipping lanes of the
Portuguese and set up Cape town
in South Africa where they could
repair and resupply ships
Cape Town
Dutch East India Company
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1602 a wealthy group of Dutch
merchants formed the Dutch East
Indies Company
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Used Military to expand Dutch
Trading Empire
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1641 captured Malacca from the
Portuguese and opened up trade
with China
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Soon they enforced a Monopoly on
trade to the Spice Islands in India
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Forged better relations with the
locals than the Portuguese
Dutch Dominance
The wealth made by many Dutch is
brought home to Netherlands and
they begin to build tall water front
mansions still in use today
Dutch began to take Asian woman
home to the Netherlands to be
wives
Hired artist to paint portraits such
as Rembrandt
Would dominate the seas until the
rise of the English and French
Spain and the
Philippines
While Portugal and the Dutch
fought over India the Spanish
concentrated on the Philippines
Claimed by Magellan in 1521 the
Philippines were easily conquered
because there was no central
government just a loosely attached
group of Islands
Spanish Seize control and name it
for King Phillip II
By 1575 Spain controlled the
coastal regions and soon extended
inward controlling most of the
archipelago by the 1600’s
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Christianity Expands
in the Philippians
Apart from promoting trade
the Spanish also wanted to
spread Roman Catholicism
through out the archipelago
Rulers and Missionaries
pressured local leaders to
convert to Christianity
Missionaries encountered
resistance in the High lands to
conversion
Over time the most Filipinos
converted and by the 19th
century the Philippians became
one of the most fervent Roman
Catholic lands in the world
Jesuit map and two missionaries
Mughal India and European
Traders
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They are the local leaders of India that encounter the Portuguese and Dutch
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Controlled the spice trade, manufactured textiles, exported silk
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Europeans sought trading rights with the Mughals. Emperors granted the right
seeing no threat from the Europeans
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Warring Hindus and Muslims eventually led to the downfall of the Mughals.
Years of civil war drained the resources. Mughal leader levied high taxes to
pay for the war
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Eventually the English take over India after fighting the French with the help of
the Mughal's Army
Quick Review
► How
did the Portuguese control the spice trade?
► How
did the Dutch build up a strong presence in
India?
► Why
was Spain able to conquer the Philippines?
► How
did Britain gain control of India?