Download BIOMOLECULES

BIOMOLECULES
BIO = LIFE
So molecules TO BUILD LIFE!
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
Least complex
To
Most complex
Today we will dig into the four
macromolecules that are essential for life to
exist.
What are biomolecules?
Large organic (have carbon) molecules that
exist in all living things
 Also known as Macromolecules
(Macro=Large)
 They are life's building blocks
 All living things are formed from these
molecules

Biomolecules cont….

Biomolecules start out small as monomers
and you add on to them to build them up
to become polymers
 SMALL
TO BIG
 Mono= One
 Poly= Many
What are the 4 biomolecules?
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD…
THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE!
THE BIOMOLECULES KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.
#1: CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!
What are Carbohydrates?
 Function: Primary (short term) energy
 Structure: Ring shape
 Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
IMPORTANT!
 Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
 Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides
(Glucose is most common)
 Polymer: Disaccharides (sucrose and lactose)
and Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose)
Sugars that make up Carbs
 Single sugar: monosaccharide


2 monosaccharides: disaccharide


Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
Ex: maltose, sucrose
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide

Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
I am a
polysaccharide!
Structure of Carbohydrates
Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
•
•
2.
1.
3.
#2: LIPIDS
ARE FATS
Lipids
Function: Store energy, insulates
your body, and make up the cell
membrane!
 Structure: Long chains
 Example: Fat, oil, wax
 Elements: C-H-O
 Monomer (Building blocks):
glycerol & 3 fatty acids
 Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides

Lipid Structure


Remember:
Elements
present are
C, H, O
Long chains
of Carbon
and
Hydrogen
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Which of the following represents a
lipid?
2.
1.
4.
3.
CAN YOU ANSWER THE FOLLOWING?
1.
2.
What is the main difference in
structure between a carb and lipid?
What is the main difference in
function between a carb and lipid?
#3: PROTEINS
BUILD US
Proteins
Function: Growth and repair of tissue
• Structure: chains of amino acids that bend
• Examples: fish, eggs, meat
NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
• Elements: C-H-O-N
 Monomer (Building Block): amino acids
(20 different ones!)
 Polymers: enzymes and polypeptides
•
Protein Structure


Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
“R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)
Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined
together a protein is formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
Which of the following represents an
amino acid?
2.
1.
4.
3.
#4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
These biomolecules are not
necessarily from food
Nucleic acids
Function: provide the instructions to make
proteins and is our genetic information
Structure: double or single helix
Examples: DNA and RNA
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer: nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made up of:
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen
Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Genetic
code!
Recipe for
proteins
Energy
carrier
Structure of Nucleic Acid
Which of the following represents a
nucleotide?
2.
1.
4.
3.