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Name ______________________________________________________ First Last (Please Print) PID Number __________-__________ FINAL EXAMINATION BIOLOGY 108 FALL, 2004 In the spirit of the honor code, I pledge that I have neither given nor received help on this exam. ______________________________ Signature 1________ 2_________ 3_________ 4_________ 5_________ 6_________ 7_________ 8________ 9________ 10 _______ 11________ 12________ 13________ 14______ 15______ Note: Many of these questions will be graded as 1 point off for each incorrect answer or omission of a correct answer (no grade will be less than 0). On every question where both a correct and an incorrect answer are given points will be subtracted for the incorrect answer. However, the total score on any question will not be less than 0. 1. (10 points) Fill in the following table with respect to some infectious diseases. Disease Reservoir of infectious Route of transmission agent cholera mumps diphtheria diarrheagenic E. coli botulism 2. (8 points) In recent years several new diseases have been recognized as emerging infectious diseases. Fill in the following table with respect to this phenomenon. Disease Is this an emerging infectious Why is it emerging or why disease? (yes or no) is it not increasing? Lyme disease polio streptococcal pneumonia Legionnaire’s disease 3. (4 points) At the NC State Fair this year, several children came into contact with a particularly nasty strain of E. coli, O157, at the petting zoo. The strain it seems had a more than usual tolerance for acidic environments. What is one simple way in which these illnesses could have been prevented? A local farmer has noticed that the plants in one corner of his tobacco field have TMV. What precautions should he take to prevent the spread of this infection to the rest of the field? 4. (5 points) Fill in the following table with respect to the immune system response. Type of exposure a toxin not previously encountered an organ transplant hay fever (allergen) viral infection E. coli GI tract infection What is the major immune response? 6. ( 8 points)Fill in the following table with respect to the effects of the indicated mutations on the microorganism. organism mutation effect of the mutation on growth in the host virulence (or laboratory colonization symbiosis) Shigella toxin minus dysenteriae Agrobacterium lacks pTi tumefaciens influenza hemagglutinin XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX minus XXXXXXXX influenza replace XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX hemagglutinin with XXXXXXXXX a similar gene from XXXXXXXX duck influenza XXXXXXXXX 7. (8 points) The biosynthetic pathways for the synthesis of amino acids and purines and purine nucleotides (AMP and GMP) are highly regulated. You wish to determine the effect of various growth conditions on the amount of AMP present in cells (A). In addition you wish to examine what determines the rate of AMP biosynthesis in vitro using cell-free extracts and performing the reactions in a test tube (B). In order to make these measurements you incubate the whole bacteria or the bacterial extracts with radioactive PRPP (which is the first compound in the pathway). Fill in the following table to describe whether newly synthesized AMP is detected (i.e. radioactively labeled AMP) under the specified conditions. (yes or no) Experimental conditions A. Whole bacteria Excess of Adenine or AMP added to culture (A) or reaction tube (B) No adenine or AMP added to the culture (A) or reaction tube (B) B. Cell free extract Now you take mutant bacteria in which the first enzyme in the pathway PurF no longer binds AMP and perform the same experiment. Experimental Excess of Adenine or AMP added conditions to culture (A) or reaction tube (B) A. Whole bacteria B. Cell free extract 8. (9 points) Fill out the following indicating the type of plaques (clear, cloudy, or none) which would be formed if of the indicated genotype infected the strains of E. coli shown. The genetic map of is given below. PR cro tR1 CII tR2 Q tR3 PRlate SR...A... ______________________________________________________________________ xis att int CIII tL1 N PL CI PRM PRE genotype E. coli K12 (-) bacterial host E. coli K12 () wild type CII deleted PRE replaced with Pmal and the cells are grown on minimal medium plus maltose OR and PR replaced with Oarg and Parg and the cells are grown in complex medium OR and PR replaced with Oarg and Parg and the cells are grown in minimal medium with glucose XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 9. (10 points) Some organisms can synthesize ATP from light. Fill in the following table with respect to the production of ATP. Type of 1. Example of a Do these bacteria Reaction 1. original Bacteria bacteria that carries use photosynthesis center electron donor out this reaction to produce energy? pigments 2. final electron 2. wavelength at (yes or no) acceptor which light is absorbed Halobacteria 1. XXXXXXXXX XXXXX 1. (archaea) 2. 570nm XXXXX XXXXX 2. anoxygenic 1. 1. phototroph 2. 2. oxygenic phototroph 1. 1. 2. 2. 10. ( 16 points) Fill in the following table for one symbiotic and one free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria. You may not use Rhizobium. Interaction Host Prokaryote Prokaryote provides Prokaryote receives to local environment from local environment Symbiotic Freeliving XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX Nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium is blocked by O2 and combined nitrogen. Rhizobium can also reduce acetylene, as well as dinitrogen. Suggest a hypothetical reason for how each of these phenotypes arises. You should do this by proposing a molecular mechanism in support of your hypothesis. Hypothetical reason and molecular mechanism Inhibition by O2 Benefit to bacterium XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Inhibition by NO3- Acetylene reduction Rhizobium has a sequenced genome. The nifHDK, FeMoco biosynthesis, and nod factor genes have been identified. You should assume that most of the remainder of the genes have been tentatively identified by their similarity (homology) to E. coli genes. How would you test whether your hypothesis for the mechanism of NO3- inhibition was correct? 11.(3 points) Circle all of the compounds listed below which can be metabolized to yield energy. glucose acetate glycerol lipids proteins nucleic acids NO3- NO2- N2 NH3 H2S H2SO3 H2SO4 FeCl2 FeCl3 CH4 CO2 H2 O 12. ( 10 points) Microorganisms have been found in nearly every habitat researchers have been able to reach on earth. Fill in the following table about prokaryotes and their environments. Environment Prokaryote which grows there Adaptation which allows it to grow there Are prokaryotes the primary producers here? (yes or no) Deep sea vent the rumen XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Stromatolites Urinary tract E. coli 13. A.(5 points) A company spilled xenobiotic compound Z at a site some years ago. The compound has since been degraded at this site without any intervention by the company. Recently the same company spilled the same compound at another site a few hundred miles away. One of the scientists working at the company proposes to make agar plates containing medium with Z as the sole carbon source and isolate organisms which will grow on these plates from the first site and use them to clean up the second site. The director is a friend of yours and asks you if you think this will work. Is this likely to work? Yes or No (circle one) Give 2 different reasons why or why not. 1. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________ B. (3 points)What would be the order in which the following compounds would be degraded aerobically? ________________________________ Which of the compounds would be degraded the most rapidly anaerobically? ________ 14. (4 points) You isolate organism E from the ocean off Antarctica. It is a prokaryote. You wish to determine its relationship with other organisms. First you make a tree by sequencing its rDNA and comparing it with other organisms from nearby locations (A). Next you make a tree by sequencing a gene involved in metabolizing substances released by krill in the Southern Ocean (B). The position of organism E appears quite different on the two trees. How can they look so different? What may have happened in the past to cause this difference? 15. (8 points) Below is a diagram of the carbon cycle. Answer the following questions about the cycle. a. Which of the above reactions can only be carried out by prokaryotes? ______________ b. Which of the above reactions can only be carried out by Archaea? ________________ c. If prokaryotes which could carry out reaction B had never evolved what would be the result? ______________________________________ d. Which of the above reactions yield energy? __________________________ 5. (12 points) For each virus circle the factors it must encode in order to infect and replicate in a host. Mark with an * those factors which the virus must bring into cell with it. polio influenza Herpes T7 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA-dependent DNA polymerase RNA-dependent DNA polymerase RNA-dependent DNA polymerase RNA-dependent DNA polymerase DNA-dependent RNA polymerase DNA-dependent RNA polymerase DNA-dependent RNA polymerase DNA-dependent RNA polymerase DNA-dependent DNA polymerase DNA-dependent DNA polymerase DNA-dependent RNA polymerase DNA-dependent DNA polymerase ribosomes ribosomes ribosomes ribosomes tRNAs tRNAs tRNAs tRNAs Lipid biosynthesis Lipid biosynthesis Lipid biosynthesis Lipid biosynthesis protease protease protease protease proteins which can be inserted in the host memebrane proteins which can be inserted in the host memebrane proteins which can be inserted in the host memebrane proteins which can be inserted in the host memebrane coat proteins coat proteins coat proteins coat protein
