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1st 6wks Review
(This review will cover most of the six weeks test but not every question; use your spiral to study for the test.)
Safety
1. Basic equipment
a) Safety goggles
b) Apron
c) Gloves
d) Additional equipment as directed by teacher
2. Safety Rules
a) Follow all teacher directives
b) Report accidents immediately
c) Understand and follow all warning signs and labels
d) Do not play in the lab
e) Never eat or drink in the lab
f) Wear closed toed shoes when directed
g) Tie back long hair
h) Do not taste drink or smell anything without teacher permission
i) Clean up lab area before leaving
Chemistry
Atoms
The smallest unit that still has the properties of an element
Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons
Molecule
Is made up of two or more atoms
The atoms in a molecule may be of the same element or different elements
Compound
Is made up of two or more different elements
Chemical symbols
1st letter in all element symbols is capitalized
2nd letter in all element symbols is lower case
Chemical Formula
The coefficient (number in front of element/compound) in an element/compound
represents the number of molecules in that element/compound
The subscript (number below the last letter in an element) represents the number of atoms
in that particular element.
Models
Models are manmade representations of real world situations
Have limitations that prevent them from showing every aspect of what is being studied.
Example: a model of the universe cannot be made to scale in a classroom and still be visible to the
naked eye.
Scientific investigations:
There are two kinds of variables we will be using to create a line graph:
Independent / (Manipulated ) Variable – this is the variable that we change.
Dependent / (Responding) Variable – this is the variable that responds to that change.
Constances are the things in an experiment that stay the same. Most things in your experiment
should be constant
Cell theory
3 major components of cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Scientists who contributed to cell theory
Hans and Zacharias Janssen-1590 inventors of 1st compound microscope
Robert Hooke-1665 used the word “cell” to describe microscopic structures
Francesco Redi-1668 disproved the idea of spontaneous generation
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek-1674 first to see and describe bacteria
Robert Brown-1831 discovered the cell nucleus
Matthias Scleiden-1839 proposed that all living things are made up of one or more cells.
Theodor Schwann-1839 formulated the cell theory of life
Rudolf Virchow-1855 every cell stems from another cell
Organic compounds
All organic compounds must contain Carbon and one of the following elements
H-Hydrogen
O-Oxygen
N-Nitrogen
P-Phosphorus
S-Sulfur
All living organisms are made up mostly of water and organic compounds