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Anything that occupies space and has mass is matter. laws observation hypothesis experiment theory Bias- a strong preference that inhibits impartial judgment. Physical properties Physical changes - reversible, no new subst. Mixtures can be separated by certain physical method(s). Chemical properties Chemical changes - irreversible, different substances Measurement never gives exact value, contains all known figures plus one estimated. Significant figures Rounding Math – mult/div: #sig.figs - add/subt.: uncertainty Scientific notation: A x 10X A: gives # sig.figs X: exponent (whole #) State Solid Liquid Gas Shape Definite Indefinite Indefinite Known: 2 Estimated: 5 2.5 Volume Definite Definite Indefinite Compress. V.Slight Slight High Known: 2.5 Estimated: 0 2.50 SI system Physical quantity Length Mass Time Temperature Amount of subst. Name Abbrev. meter m kilogram kg second s Kelvin K mole mol Density: extensive property (does not depend on the amount of sample d = m/V m=dxV Elements and compounds Elements Distribution: Atoms and molecules: Greek Prefix kilo- (k) mega- (M) giga- (G) tera- (T) Meaning one-trillionth (10-12) one-billionth (10-9) one-millionth (10-6) one-thousandth (10-3) one-hundredth (10-2) one-tenth (10-1) Meaning one thousand (103) one million (106) one billion (109) one trillion (1012) ~100 elements, millions of compounds H and He most abundant in space, O and Si in earth crust, O and C in human bodies. Atom – smallest building block; molecule – combination of two or more atoms. Can be an element or compound. one or two letters, first capitalized. Most elements, metallic luster, heat/electric conductivity, malleable, ductile, high melt/boil. points and density. Symbols: Metals Nonmetals: V = m/d Greek Prefix pico- (p) nano- (n) micro- (m) milli- (m) centi- (c) deci- (d) 17 elements, Opposite Metalloids: 7 elements, intermediate Hydrogen – group of its own Periodic table: symbol, atomic number; elements organized in groups (e.g. noble gases, noble metals) Diatomic molecules exist as natural state of seven elements (all nonmetals). A compound is a distinct substance that contains two or more elements combined in a definite proportion by weight. Compounds can be decomposed chemically into simpler substances – that is, into simpler compounds or elements. H2O: molecular NaCl: ionic Molecular: covalent bonds Ionic: no bonds, electrostatic forces. Chemical formulas: name of compound, names of elements, how many element of each kind, atomic ratio. Does not specify arrangement of atoms. Ba3(PO4)2 Chemical reaction: reactant(s) – yield – product(s) Conservation of mass – total mass of reactants equals to the total mass of products. Heat: one form of energy. Its measure is temperature. Conservation of energy: energy only changes forms, cannot be created/destroyed. q = m C Dt Joules C in o gram Celcius Problem 4: What is the final temperature of a 20.0 g block of iron after it has absorbed 100.0 J of heat, if its initial temperature was 25.0 oC? Hint: solve for Dt, then add it to the initial temp! Dt = Q mC 100.0 J = J 20.0 g x 0.449 g oC = 11.1 oC Final temp. = 25.0 oC + 11.1 oC = 36.1 oC