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Reading Notes: Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (Ch. 5) (Optional) READING ASSIGNMENT #1 –READ pp. 68-77 in Campbell’s. FILL IN MISSING INFORMATION ON NOTES OUTLINE BELOW.. I. Macromolecules A. 4 major categories 1. polysaccharides (carbohydrates) 2. lipids 3. polypeptides (proteins) 4. nucleic acids B. Many are polymers 1. Polymer =____________________________________________ 2. Monomers = _________________________________________ Polymers Polypeptides Monomers Examples Hemoglobin, insulin Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) Starch, glycogen Nucleic acids DNA, RNA II. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions A) Connecting 2 monomers together Condensation reaction = B) Break down polymers into monomers Hydrolysis reactions = II.) CARBOHYDRATES – includes both sugars (monomers) and polysaccharides (sugar polymers) Importance of sugars in cells – Monosaccharides – have molecular formula Example: Disaccharide- ______ monosaccharides joined by a ____________________________ Example: Polysaccharide (macromolecule) - _____________________________ containing a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by ________________ Importance of polysaccharides in cells 1) Storage Polymers: Plants: Starch – polymer of _____________________ (monomers); because glucose is a major fuel, starch represents stored _________________________ for plant cells. Animals: Glycogen – a polymer of __________________ that is more extensively branched than amylpectin (a form of plant starch) 2) Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose – major component of tough walls that enclose ___________________ cells. Compare structure of cellulose to starch; (See fig. 5.7, p. 73 in Campbell’s). Starch = glucose monomomers are in ____ - configuration. (glycosidic bonds link all glucose molecules in same orientation [i.e. CH2OH groups are all on the same side of the chain]. Cellulose= glucose monomers are in _____- configuration. (glycosidic bonds link glucose molecules in alternating upside-down pattern. III) LIPIDS-DIVERSE HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES Lipids- have little or no affinity for ____________. Structure consists mainly of nonpolar ___________________________ with a few polar oxygen bonds. Function in cells – Fat – made from glycerol and fatty acids Example: Triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids: Saturated fatty acid – contains ____ C-C double bonds; contains as many bonds to _______ atoms as possible. Saturated fats pack together very tightly; at room temperature they are typically ______________. A diet high in saturated fat is a risk factor for _____________________________________ Unsaturated fatty acid- has one or more C-C __________________________ formed by the removal of _________________________ from the carbon skeleton. Since C=C cannot freely rotate without breaking the pi bonds, the presence of C=C introduces __________ into the structure. These kinks prevent the prevent molecules from packing closely together and hence unsaturated fats are typically _________________ at room temperature. PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CELL _____________________ Phospholipids- contain 2 fatty acids rather than ______. The 3rd hydroxyl group of glycerol is joined to a _______________________ group. Phospholipids show _______________________________ behavior toward water. Hydrocarbon tails are _____________________________. Hydrophillic heads contain a ________________________ group and are ___________. In water phospholipids form a bilayer. Sketch: Phospholipid bilayer: (fig. 5.14. on p. 77) STERIODS – carbon skeleton with ______ fused rings. Functional group attached to rings can vary. Importance: many __________________________, including vertebrate sex hormones, are steroids produced from cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can lead to ___________________ arteries resulting in a high risk of _____________ _________ and _______________. READING ASSIGNMENT #3: READ pp. 86-89 NUCLEIC ACIDS and FILL IN MISSING INFORMATION ON NOTES OUTLINE BELOW: NUCLEIC ACIDS – INFORMATIONAL POLYMERS Gene – 2 types of nucleic acids: 1) _____________ and 2) _________________ 1) Importance of DNA: 2) Importance of RNA: Fig. 5.26: Summarize information flow: Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called ____________________________. Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1) 2) 3) Two types of bases: 1) ___________________________- consists of ______-membered ring of ___ and ____atoms. 3 Pyrimidine bases: 1) 2) 3) 2)__________________________- larger; consists of a ____-membered ring fused to a _____- membered ring. 2 purine bases: 1) 2) SUGAR IN RNA is _______________________________ SUGAR IN DNA is _______________________________ Copy pictures of sugars below (p. 87, Fig. 5.27c in green box): IMPORTANT: Draw structural formula of polynucleotide using circles, pentagons and hexagons as shown in on p. 87, Fig. 5.27a (2 linked nucleotides[a purine linked to a pyrimidine] is sufficient.) STRUCTURE OF DNA IS A ___________________________________________. Sugar phosphate group backbones are on the ___________________________ of the helix, while the bases are paired on the ___________________________ of the helix. ONLY CERTAIN BASES CAN HYDROGEN BOND WITH EACH OTHER: Adenine (A) always pairs with _____________________________. Guanine (G) always pairs with _____________________________. Sequence of strands are complementary: Example if one strand is AGGTCCG, other strand would be ________________. Replication: Explain how DNA and proteins are tape measures of evolution ASSIGNMENT #4: READ pp. 77-86 on POLYPEPTIDES AND PROTEINS . FILL IN THE MISSING INFORMATION BELOW. IV) POLYPEPTIDES – FUNCTIONS/ EXAMPLES Functions of Proteins Type Globular/Fibrous Function Enzymes Globular Speed up chemical reactions Some hormones Globular Signaling w/in body Structural proteins Fibrous Support and structure Cell membrane proteins Hemoglobin (Brit spelling = Haemoglobin) Microtubules Globular Globular Fibrous Regulate passage of substances in/out of cells Binds O2 due to heme (haeme) group with iron Examples Catalase, protease Insulin Collagen in tendons and skin Sodium pumps as in cystic fibrosis Make the mitotic and meiotic spindle *All metabolic pathways consist of chains and cycles of enzyme catalyzed reactions 1) Amino acids and dipeptides A. Amino acids 1. Monomer for polypeptides 2. General structure is 3. R groups can be (fill in 1 or 2 examples for each) a.) Nonpolar b) Polar – c) Charged 4. Amino acids in your body can be a) Essential = your body can’t make it, must ingest b) Non-essential – your body can make it by modifying other amino acids Exploring Levels of Protein Structure – define each level of protein structure primary structure- Secondary structure Two examples of secondary structure: Tertiary structure Defn of and importance of hydrophobic interactions: Disulfide bonds Quaternary structure Explain the difference between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin. What is protein denaturation? How does denaturation impact biological function? List at least 3 ways proteins can become denatured: .