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1st Quarter Midterm Study Guide
Introduction to Science
*Know the prefixes for metrics & be able to convert from one to another
1. Know the following terms:
a. Observation
b. Inference
c. Hypothesis (definition from class)
d. Scientific theory
e. Scientific law
f. Independent variable
g. Dependent variable
h. Control group
i. Experimental group
j. Homeostasis
2. What lab equipment should be used for volume & mass? What units are used for these pieces of
equipment and what are the proper techniques for using them?
3. What are the rules for data tables & graphs – can you identify incorrect things about each if given an
example?
4. What are the steps of the scientific method – if given an example, can you put the steps in order?
5. How is a hypothesis different from an inference?
6. Identify independent variable, dependent variable, control group and experimental group in an example
experiment.
7. What are the eight characteristics of life?
Biochemistry
8. What are the six elements essential to all of life?
9. What are the subatomic particles? Which ones are found in the nucleus of the atom?
10. How many electrons are found in each energy level (for the first 20 elements)?
11. Describe each type of bond: ionic, covalent, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and hydrogen.
12. Know the properties of water, including it’s a) polarity, b) cohesion, c) adhesion and d)capillarity
13. What is the difference between a substance that is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
14. What is an acid?
15. What is a base?
16. What is a buffer?
17. Know the pH scale and where to identify strong acids/bases, weak acids/bases and neutral liquids.
18. What is a monomer?
19. What happens in a dehydration/condensation reaction?
20. What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
21. For carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, know:
a) The monomer for each
b) The function(s) of each
22. What is an enzyme? What is a substrate?
23. Why is a “lock & key” used as a model for enzymes?
24. Why is glucose important?
25. Why is cellulose important?
Cells & Microscopes
*Be able to label/identify the parts of the microscope, how to use/handle the microscope, the rules for
making wet mount & stained slides & the rules for making microscope drawings.
26. What is magnification?
27. What is resolution?
28. What is the formula used to determine the total magnification on the microscope?
Identify the following parts on the microscope
29. What part does the slide/specimen sit on?
30. What are the two knobs used to focus the microscope?
31. What part should never be used on high power?
32. What parts of the microscope should be used to carry it?
33. What part of the microscope adjusts the amount of light that goes through?
34. What part holds the slide in its place?
*Know the pictures/diagrams for the cell and all its parts, including the parts that make up the
cell membrane.
35. What is a cell?
36. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
37. What is an organelle?
38. What are the two types of cells?
39. How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?
40. What is the only organism that represents prokaryotes?
41. What are the two types of eukaryotes?
42. What is cytoplasm?
43. What are two places you will find ribosomes?
44. What organelle is mainly in animal cells and rarely found in plant cells?
45. How are vacuoles different in animal and plant cells?
46. What two cell structures are found only in plant cells?
47. What internal cell structure is specifically only found in animal cells?
48. How are cilia and flagella different?
49. For each of the following structures, identify its function:
a. cell wall
b. centrioles
c. chloroplast
d. cytoskeleton
e. cytosol
f. Golgi Apparatus
g. lysosome
h. mitochondria
i. nuclear membrane/envelope
j. nucleus
k. nucleolus
l. peroxisome
m. ribosomes
n. rough endoplasmic reticulum
o. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
p. vacuole
50. What model is used to describe the cell/plasma membrane?
51. What is the function of the cell membrane?
52. What does the phrase “selective permeability” mean?
53. What are all the components that make up the cell membrane?