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CH.2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2.3 Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry – the study of organic compounds. Organic Compounds – compounds that contain carbon. Compounds that do not usually contain carbon are inorganic compounds. Ex/ - organic compound is sugar (C, H, O) - inorganic compound is water (H, O) - people used to believe that all organic compounds were only in living things, but today we know they are in nonliving substances (like plastics). - CO2 and CO are classified as inorganic compounds even though they contain carbon. Carbon – 4 valence electrons - can bond with 4 other covalent bonds with other atoms. - can form a single, double or triple bond. - can bond with other carbon in a straight chain C-C-C-C-C-C - can bond in a curved ring. Polymers – organic compounds can join together to form very large (macro) molecules. - these molecules can contain thousands or even millions of atoms. - many small (micro) molecules put together to make very large (macro) molecules. - many monomers make up a polymer Q’s 1) Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with up to ______ other atoms. 2) In a _______ bond, two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms. 3) Very large molecules made up of many smaller molecules are called __________. 4) Why are there more organic compounds than inorganic compounds? 5) How are monomers similar to links in a chain? Living Things – all living things need organic compounds to stay alive. Ex/ food! - Four groups of organic compounds – carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates – (C, H, O) -sugars and starches are carbohydrates -supplies energy for all cell activities -cereals, grains, pasta, vegetables, and fruits. -single sugar molecules – monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) -complex sugar molecules – polysaccharides (glycogen or animal starch). -glucose is free sugar that gives you immediate energy, the rest is stored as glycogen, glycogen is broken down into glucose when needed. -plants use cellulose as stored glucose (as tough, flexible fibers) Monomer = glucose, Polymer = starch Lipids – (C, H) -Fats, oils and waxes are lipids. -lipids can be stored in the body for use at a later time and they are also used as waterproof biological membranes. -butter, meat, cheese, and nuts. -lipids are formed with a glycerol and fatty acids. -saturated fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. -unsaturated fatty acid when there is at least one C=C double bond. -polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double bond -olive oil is unsaturated; corn, sesame, canola, and peanut oil are polyunsaturated. -cholesterol is a lipid that is in animal fat. =Monomer = fatty acids, Polymer = lipid Proteins – (C, H, O, N) -made up of amino acids -proteins build and repair the body -meat, milk, fish, eggs, and beans. -amino acids are made of an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) -Twenty amino acids are found in nature -Monomer=amino acids, Polymer=protein Nucleic Acids – (C, O, H, N, P) - two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA). - controls the activities of the cells in your body. - DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. - Nucleotides have 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. - DNA has a deoxyribose sugar and RNA has a ribose sugar. - Monomer=nucleotide Polymer=DNA, RNA Q’s 1. Organic compounds made up of C, H, O are called ___________. 2. Organic compounds used to build and repair body parts are called __________. 3. The organic compounds that control the activities in the body cells are called _______. 4. What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins? 5. What elements are nucleic acids made up of? 6. Why do many long-distance runners eat a meal of pasta before running a race?