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CH.2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
2.3 Carbon Compounds
Organic Chemistry – the study of organic
compounds.
Organic Compounds – compounds that
contain carbon.
Compounds that do
not usually contain carbon are inorganic
compounds.
Ex/ - organic compound is sugar (C, H,
O)
- inorganic compound is water (H, O)
- people used to believe that all
organic compounds were only in
living things, but today we know they
are in nonliving substances (like
plastics).
- CO2 and CO are classified as
inorganic compounds even though
they contain carbon.
Carbon – 4 valence electrons
- can bond with 4 other covalent bonds
with other atoms.
- can form a single, double or triple
bond.
- can bond with other carbon in a
straight chain C-C-C-C-C-C
- can bond in a curved ring.
Polymers – organic compounds can join
together to form very large (macro)
molecules.
- these
molecules
can
contain
thousands or even millions of atoms.
- many small (micro) molecules put
together to make very large (macro)
molecules.
- many monomers make up a polymer
Q’s
1) Carbon atoms can form covalent
bonds with up to ______ other atoms.
2) In a _______ bond, two pairs of
electrons are shared between atoms.
3) Very large molecules made up of
many smaller molecules are called
__________.
4) Why are there more organic
compounds
than
inorganic
compounds?
5) How are monomers similar to links in
a chain?
Living Things – all living things need organic
compounds to stay alive. Ex/ food!
- Four groups of organic compounds –
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
and proteins.
Carbohydrates – (C, H, O)
-sugars and starches are carbohydrates
-supplies energy for all cell activities
-cereals, grains, pasta, vegetables, and
fruits.
-single sugar molecules – monosaccharides
(glucose, galactose, fructose)
-complex
sugar
molecules
–
polysaccharides (glycogen or animal
starch).
-glucose is free sugar that gives you
immediate energy, the rest is stored as
glycogen, glycogen is broken down into
glucose when needed.
-plants use cellulose as stored glucose (as
tough, flexible fibers)
Monomer = glucose, Polymer = starch
Lipids – (C, H)
-Fats, oils and waxes are lipids.
-lipids can be stored in the body for use at
a later time and they are also used as
waterproof biological membranes.
-butter, meat, cheese, and nuts.
-lipids are formed with a glycerol and fatty
acids.
-saturated fatty acids contain the
maximum possible number of hydrogen
atoms.
-unsaturated fatty acid when there is at
least one C=C double bond.
-polyunsaturated fatty acids have more
than one double bond
-olive oil is unsaturated; corn, sesame,
canola,
and
peanut
oil
are
polyunsaturated.
-cholesterol is a lipid that is in animal fat.
=Monomer = fatty acids, Polymer = lipid
Proteins – (C, H, O, N)
-made up of amino acids
-proteins build and repair the body
-meat, milk, fish, eggs, and beans.
-amino acids are made of an amino
group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH)
-Twenty amino acids are found in nature
-Monomer=amino acids, Polymer=protein
Nucleic Acids – (C, O, H, N, P)
- two types: deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA).
- controls the activities of the cells in
your body.
- DNA and RNA are made up of
nucleotides.
- Nucleotides have 3 parts: 5-carbon
sugar, a phosphate group, and
nitrogenous base.
- DNA has a deoxyribose sugar and
RNA has a ribose sugar.
- Monomer=nucleotide Polymer=DNA,
RNA
Q’s
1. Organic compounds made up of C,
H, O are called ___________.
2. Organic compounds used to build
and repair body parts are called
__________.
3. The organic compounds that
control the activities in the body cells
are called _______.
4. What is the relationship between
amino acids and proteins?
5. What elements are nucleic acids
made up of?
6. Why do many long-distance runners
eat a meal of pasta before running a
race?