88KB
... (position 75 in the wild-type genomic ribozyme) and, as a control, in helix P2 (position 84). To assign the carbon resonances of the labeled cytosines, a separate construct was prepared with a C-to-U mutation at position 84 (Figure 2a). The annealed complex cleaved to completion when stoichiometric ...
... (position 75 in the wild-type genomic ribozyme) and, as a control, in helix P2 (position 84). To assign the carbon resonances of the labeled cytosines, a separate construct was prepared with a C-to-U mutation at position 84 (Figure 2a). The annealed complex cleaved to completion when stoichiometric ...
Stress Induction of Mitochondrial Formate Dehydrogenase in Potato
... abundance of FDH transcripts is strongly increased under various stresses, whereas serine hydroxymethyltransferase transcripts decline. The application of formate to leaves strongly enhances FDH expression, suggesting that it might be the signal for FDH induction. Our experiments using glycolytic pr ...
... abundance of FDH transcripts is strongly increased under various stresses, whereas serine hydroxymethyltransferase transcripts decline. The application of formate to leaves strongly enhances FDH expression, suggesting that it might be the signal for FDH induction. Our experiments using glycolytic pr ...
Landick R, Yanofsky C. 1987. Transcription
... segment of the leader region. While the polymerase pauses in the leader region, the opportunity is provided for loading of a ribosome at the leader peptide ribosome-binding site of the leader transcript. After a ribosome loads and begins translation, it approaches the paused polymerase. As it nears ...
... segment of the leader region. While the polymerase pauses in the leader region, the opportunity is provided for loading of a ribosome at the leader peptide ribosome-binding site of the leader transcript. After a ribosome loads and begins translation, it approaches the paused polymerase. As it nears ...
Genetic Codes with No Dedicated Stop Codon: Context
... to assess how translation termination occurs. To investigate the nature of translation termination in C. magnum and Parduczia sp. we began by examining histone H4 coding sequence ends, since the proteins encoded by these sequences are among the most highly conserved proteins and typically have the s ...
... to assess how translation termination occurs. To investigate the nature of translation termination in C. magnum and Parduczia sp. we began by examining histone H4 coding sequence ends, since the proteins encoded by these sequences are among the most highly conserved proteins and typically have the s ...
If so, is trkB mRNA in SNB motor neurons
... BDNF was expressed extensively through the SNB motoneuron dendrites of Sham GDX (Column 1) and GDX+T (Column 2) male rats. BDNF expression was much reduced in SNB dendrites of the GDX+Blank (Column 3) treatment group (Column 3). Arrowheads: VGLUT1-positive appositions to SNB dendrites. Arrows: BDNF ...
... BDNF was expressed extensively through the SNB motoneuron dendrites of Sham GDX (Column 1) and GDX+T (Column 2) male rats. BDNF expression was much reduced in SNB dendrites of the GDX+Blank (Column 3) treatment group (Column 3). Arrowheads: VGLUT1-positive appositions to SNB dendrites. Arrows: BDNF ...
Mechanisms of translational regulation in bacteria
... the growing peptide chain is determined by triplets of nucleotides, so called codons. However, there are only 20 amino acids but 64 different triplets of nucleotides encoding them. Consequently, the genetic code is degenerate: Except for tryptophan and methionine, the amino acids are encoded by two, ...
... the growing peptide chain is determined by triplets of nucleotides, so called codons. However, there are only 20 amino acids but 64 different triplets of nucleotides encoding them. Consequently, the genetic code is degenerate: Except for tryptophan and methionine, the amino acids are encoded by two, ...
T-box-mediated control of the anabolic proline biosynthetic genes of
... Vitreschak et al., 2008; Wels et al., 2008; Winkler, 2007). Tbox systems are RNA-based regulatory switches (Henkin, 2008) that are used in many Gram-positive microorganisms to regulate the expression of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes and of genes involved in amino acid ...
... Vitreschak et al., 2008; Wels et al., 2008; Winkler, 2007). Tbox systems are RNA-based regulatory switches (Henkin, 2008) that are used in many Gram-positive microorganisms to regulate the expression of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes and of genes involved in amino acid ...
Structure and Function of Mammalian Ribosomes
... subunits from rat and mouse liver. Our technique involvea incubating purified polysomes with all components for protein synthesis until all competent ribosomes have terminated and released their polypeptide chain. Upon kreatment of such an incubation mixture with 0.5 M-KCl, followed by sucrose gradi ...
... subunits from rat and mouse liver. Our technique involvea incubating purified polysomes with all components for protein synthesis until all competent ribosomes have terminated and released their polypeptide chain. Upon kreatment of such an incubation mixture with 0.5 M-KCl, followed by sucrose gradi ...
mitochondrial biogenesis during
... can proceed only with damaged mitochondria (Neubert and Helge, 1965 ; Saccone et al ., 1967) ; under these conditions some loss of specificity could occur . Moreover, contamination by nuclear RNA polymerases is probable . From direct colorimetric measurements, we have found that there is about a two ...
... can proceed only with damaged mitochondria (Neubert and Helge, 1965 ; Saccone et al ., 1967) ; under these conditions some loss of specificity could occur . Moreover, contamination by nuclear RNA polymerases is probable . From direct colorimetric measurements, we have found that there is about a two ...
The Bacterial Toxin RelE Displays Codon
... of peptide synthesis was reduced to about 10% of the rate of the uninhibited reaction (Figure 1A). Since the concentrations of all translation factors were higher than that of ribosomes, this implies that one RelE molecule can inhibit many target molecules in a catalytic mode of action. Next, we com ...
... of peptide synthesis was reduced to about 10% of the rate of the uninhibited reaction (Figure 1A). Since the concentrations of all translation factors were higher than that of ribosomes, this implies that one RelE molecule can inhibit many target molecules in a catalytic mode of action. Next, we com ...
pKa of adenine 2451 in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center
... the overall rate of peptide bond formation+ These considerations prompted us to reexamine whether the pHdependent increase in the reactivity of A2451 towards DMS observed in E. coli 50S subunits can be used as an accurate measure of the pKa of this nucleotide+ We focused our experimental effort on r ...
... the overall rate of peptide bond formation+ These considerations prompted us to reexamine whether the pHdependent increase in the reactivity of A2451 towards DMS observed in E. coli 50S subunits can be used as an accurate measure of the pKa of this nucleotide+ We focused our experimental effort on r ...
Cloning and Expression of Bovine Sodium/Glucose Cotransporters* J. Dairy Sci. 88:182–194
... study indicate that the different sizes of these transcripts ...
... study indicate that the different sizes of these transcripts ...
Molecular insights into mitochondrial transcription and its
... The mitochondrion is an organelle of the eukaryotic cell responsible for the production of most of the cellular energy-carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrion contains its own genome, a small circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), e ...
... The mitochondrion is an organelle of the eukaryotic cell responsible for the production of most of the cellular energy-carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrion contains its own genome, a small circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), e ...
Discovering the Distribution of Palindromic Sequences in the
... complement of the former half, differ from lexical palindromes which read exactly the same forwards and backwards. Palindromic sequences have a tendency of creating hairpin loops which are secondary RNA structures. These hairpin loops (also known as stem-loops) have many purposes which include prote ...
... complement of the former half, differ from lexical palindromes which read exactly the same forwards and backwards. Palindromic sequences have a tendency of creating hairpin loops which are secondary RNA structures. These hairpin loops (also known as stem-loops) have many purposes which include prote ...
Pseudomon-1 motif
... 4. Some protein coding regions are poorly annotated, and so clustering of IGRs based on gene homology is hindered. For example, the yjdF motif is almost always upstream of homologous yjdF genes, but these poorly annotated genes are not presented as a conserved domain in the Conserved Domain Database ...
... 4. Some protein coding regions are poorly annotated, and so clustering of IGRs based on gene homology is hindered. For example, the yjdF motif is almost always upstream of homologous yjdF genes, but these poorly annotated genes are not presented as a conserved domain in the Conserved Domain Database ...
Trade-offs between tRNA abundance and mRNA secondary
... choice and mRNA secondary structure affected translation, we used absolute expression data from a library of 29 DNA polymerase synonymous codon variants (36). In total, this contained 39 gene variants of which 30 exhibited measurable expression. Hence, only these 30 variants were included in our an ...
... choice and mRNA secondary structure affected translation, we used absolute expression data from a library of 29 DNA polymerase synonymous codon variants (36). In total, this contained 39 gene variants of which 30 exhibited measurable expression. Hence, only these 30 variants were included in our an ...
5-1 Necleotide Metabolism (purine)
... (building the bases from simple building blocks) 2. SALVAGE PATHWAYS ...
... (building the bases from simple building blocks) 2. SALVAGE PATHWAYS ...
Nucleic Acids - Farmasi Unand
... consist of a single polymer chain of nucleotides with the same bases as DNA, with the exception of thymine, which is replaced by uracil ( Figure 9). • These chains often contain singlestranded loops separated by short sections of a distorted double helix (Figure 11). These structures are known as ha ...
... consist of a single polymer chain of nucleotides with the same bases as DNA, with the exception of thymine, which is replaced by uracil ( Figure 9). • These chains often contain singlestranded loops separated by short sections of a distorted double helix (Figure 11). These structures are known as ha ...
Received June 19, 1964.
... with those expected if plants synthesize pyrimidine nucleotides by the pathway proposed in the Introduction. The observed greater conversion of orotic acid than either aspartic or carbamyl aspartic acids to -RNA is predicted by its position in the metabolic sequence, although comparisons are somewha ...
... with those expected if plants synthesize pyrimidine nucleotides by the pathway proposed in the Introduction. The observed greater conversion of orotic acid than either aspartic or carbamyl aspartic acids to -RNA is predicted by its position in the metabolic sequence, although comparisons are somewha ...
Cold-induced silencing by long antisense transcripts of an
... demethylase activity of FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD)5,6. FLC is also repressed by prolonged cold and epigenetically silenced by a Polycomb mechanism involving a PHD–PRC2 (plant homeodomain–Polycomb repressive complex 2) complex2, in a process known as vernalization3,7. To understand the roles of non-codi ...
... demethylase activity of FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD)5,6. FLC is also repressed by prolonged cold and epigenetically silenced by a Polycomb mechanism involving a PHD–PRC2 (plant homeodomain–Polycomb repressive complex 2) complex2, in a process known as vernalization3,7. To understand the roles of non-codi ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... where two parental D N A strands separate to allow the replication. Helicase this is enzyme, which helps in unwinding a polynucleotide double helix using the energy, which is derived from a t p hydrolysis primase. This enzyme catalyses synthesis of small pieces of R N A, which is complementary to wh ...
... where two parental D N A strands separate to allow the replication. Helicase this is enzyme, which helps in unwinding a polynucleotide double helix using the energy, which is derived from a t p hydrolysis primase. This enzyme catalyses synthesis of small pieces of R N A, which is complementary to wh ...
Diapositiva 1 - Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí
... The three stages Initiation involves the reactions that precede formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of the protein. It requires the ribosome to bind to the mRNA, forming an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. This is a relatively slow step in prote ...
... The three stages Initiation involves the reactions that precede formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of the protein. It requires the ribosome to bind to the mRNA, forming an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. This is a relatively slow step in prote ...
Abundant RNA editing sites of chloroplast protein
... editing also created two new start codons in petL and rps8, and seven stop codons in ccsA, rps4, rps18, petD, petL, ndhC and ndhK (Additional file 2: Table S2). In addition, the highest number of partial editing sites was found in the transcripts of G. biloba compared with that in transcripts of oth ...
... editing also created two new start codons in petL and rps8, and seven stop codons in ccsA, rps4, rps18, petD, petL, ndhC and ndhK (Additional file 2: Table S2). In addition, the highest number of partial editing sites was found in the transcripts of G. biloba compared with that in transcripts of oth ...
In situ hybridization
... matter of picking any region within the coding region of the target gene to bind to but requires careful design taking into account a number of issues (read below). These probes have the advantages of being resistant to RNases and are small, generally around 40-50 base-pairs. This is ideal for in si ...
... matter of picking any region within the coding region of the target gene to bind to but requires careful design taking into account a number of issues (read below). These probes have the advantages of being resistant to RNases and are small, generally around 40-50 base-pairs. This is ideal for in si ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.