Developing monitoring and control strategies for emerging
... increases operational costs and may enhance formation of potentially toxic byproducts. Furthermore, quantitative CECs measurements need advanced methods and expensive equipment, are time consuming, and can only be performed offline. Developing reliable, user friendly and real-time monitoring strateg ...
... increases operational costs and may enhance formation of potentially toxic byproducts. Furthermore, quantitative CECs measurements need advanced methods and expensive equipment, are time consuming, and can only be performed offline. Developing reliable, user friendly and real-time monitoring strateg ...
Document
... Why is TIRF interesting? Provides high resolution along z – overcomes wide-field limit Limitation: only measures the surface, Still important for various applications. ...
... Why is TIRF interesting? Provides high resolution along z – overcomes wide-field limit Limitation: only measures the surface, Still important for various applications. ...
Characterization of Quinine and Its Determination
... quenching include concentration quenching (a decrease in the fluorescence-per-unitconcentration as the concentration is increased), also referred to as an inner filter effect, and chemical quenching. Concentration quenching results from excessive absorption of either primary or fluorescent radiatio ...
... quenching include concentration quenching (a decrease in the fluorescence-per-unitconcentration as the concentration is increased), also referred to as an inner filter effect, and chemical quenching. Concentration quenching results from excessive absorption of either primary or fluorescent radiatio ...
Proposal and testing of dual-beam dynamic light
... needed to describe 具⌬r2 䡠 ⌬r1典t. It has been shown4,5,13 that the GSER is still valid for 具⌬r2 䡠 ⌬r1典t, except that the particle radius a in Eq. 共1兲 needs to be replaced with the particle separation l. In the experiment, Crocker et al.13 used the MPT method together with video microscopy14 to obtain ...
... needed to describe 具⌬r2 䡠 ⌬r1典t. It has been shown4,5,13 that the GSER is still valid for 具⌬r2 䡠 ⌬r1典t, except that the particle radius a in Eq. 共1兲 needs to be replaced with the particle separation l. In the experiment, Crocker et al.13 used the MPT method together with video microscopy14 to obtain ...
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
... Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) • Useful technique for studying transport properties within a cell cell, especially transmembrane protein diffusion • FRAP can be used to estimate the rate of diffusion, and the fraction of molecules that are mobile/immobile • Can also be used to di ...
... Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) • Useful technique for studying transport properties within a cell cell, especially transmembrane protein diffusion • FRAP can be used to estimate the rate of diffusion, and the fraction of molecules that are mobile/immobile • Can also be used to di ...
Development of luminescent probes for selective detection of double
... several modern diagnostics and research methods. For today cyanine dyes are the most sensitive fluorescent probes for nucleic acids detection. But majority of widely used cyanines demonstrate comparable sensitivity both to dsDNA and single stranded DNA or RNA. Earlier we proposed trimethine cyanine ...
... several modern diagnostics and research methods. For today cyanine dyes are the most sensitive fluorescent probes for nucleic acids detection. But majority of widely used cyanines demonstrate comparable sensitivity both to dsDNA and single stranded DNA or RNA. Earlier we proposed trimethine cyanine ...
Single Emitter Detection with Fluorescence and Extinction
... Γ‘ .. damping by non-radiative channels (≈ 0) E0 .. electric field amplitude at place of oscillator ε .. unit vector along direction of driving field E τ .. characteristic time of damping by radiation reaction gives stationary state solution of q: ...
... Γ‘ .. damping by non-radiative channels (≈ 0) E0 .. electric field amplitude at place of oscillator ε .. unit vector along direction of driving field E τ .. characteristic time of damping by radiation reaction gives stationary state solution of q: ...
Spectroscopic methods for biology and medicine
... It is helpful, however, that a large part of biological molecules is constructed from only a small set of building blocks. 20 Amino acids form the molecular building blocks for peptides and proteins and are shown in Fig. 1.2. Bound by peptide bonds (-CO-NH-), amino acid chains are called peptides (m ...
... It is helpful, however, that a large part of biological molecules is constructed from only a small set of building blocks. 20 Amino acids form the molecular building blocks for peptides and proteins and are shown in Fig. 1.2. Bound by peptide bonds (-CO-NH-), amino acid chains are called peptides (m ...
Depth-of-Focus in Microscopy
... A major project within our group is the automation of certain tasks in molecular cytogenetics. Molecular cytogenetics deals with the use of specific molecules to label various parts of DNA in the biological cell. Modern developments in in situ hybridization coupled with fluorescent markers make it p ...
... A major project within our group is the automation of certain tasks in molecular cytogenetics. Molecular cytogenetics deals with the use of specific molecules to label various parts of DNA in the biological cell. Modern developments in in situ hybridization coupled with fluorescent markers make it p ...
Analytical technique: Fluorescence Spectroscopy
... and characterisation of the condition of different materials as a function of ageing. Example of analysis: the fluorescence excitation emission spectrum of reference material known as “Decotto di rose Verde” is shown below: ...
... and characterisation of the condition of different materials as a function of ageing. Example of analysis: the fluorescence excitation emission spectrum of reference material known as “Decotto di rose Verde” is shown below: ...
The Solution Process Model
... • Dissolution rate is a measure of how fast a solid drug dissolves in a liquid solvent. • Dissolution is defined as the process of dissolving a solute to form a homogeneous solution as described by Noyes Whitney equation. • When a particle of a drug is dissolved in water, the molecules at the very s ...
... • Dissolution rate is a measure of how fast a solid drug dissolves in a liquid solvent. • Dissolution is defined as the process of dissolving a solute to form a homogeneous solution as described by Noyes Whitney equation. • When a particle of a drug is dissolved in water, the molecules at the very s ...
... function is obtained by summing over the contributions of all paths that are weighted with the appropriate distribution of paths as a function of the slab’s geometry. We use an optical arrangement for DWS in transmission geometry, as shown in Ref. [11]. The intensity autocorrelation function g (2) ( ...
Tuesday, Define the law of definite proportions
... The mole (mol) is a unit used to count particles indirectly. A mole, also called Avogadro’s number may be expressed as 6.02 x 10 23, gram molecular mass and molar mass of the representative particles of that substance (atoms, ions, molecules or formula units). One mole of a gas occupies a volume of ...
... The mole (mol) is a unit used to count particles indirectly. A mole, also called Avogadro’s number may be expressed as 6.02 x 10 23, gram molecular mass and molar mass of the representative particles of that substance (atoms, ions, molecules or formula units). One mole of a gas occupies a volume of ...
lecture1
... I and II are stretching while III is bending. I will not lead to IR absorption while II and III will. Bending may involve movement of a group of atoms within a molecule relative to the rest of the molecule. Different types of bending occur: twisting, rocking, wagging, scissoring e.t.c. IR absorption ...
... I and II are stretching while III is bending. I will not lead to IR absorption while II and III will. Bending may involve movement of a group of atoms within a molecule relative to the rest of the molecule. Different types of bending occur: twisting, rocking, wagging, scissoring e.t.c. IR absorption ...
Diffusion theory
... One of the most useful approaches for tissuelight interaction is the diffusion approximation, as it can be solved analytically for simple geometries. The diffusion approximation has been used extensively in photon propagation modelling in tissue in the time domain, as well as in the frequency domain ...
... One of the most useful approaches for tissuelight interaction is the diffusion approximation, as it can be solved analytically for simple geometries. The diffusion approximation has been used extensively in photon propagation modelling in tissue in the time domain, as well as in the frequency domain ...
Full Counting Statistics in a Propagating Quantum Front and
... of sufficiently large size. The results are shown in Fig. 3 for different times, plotted against the scaling variable s. One can see that the convergence to the t ! 1 limit is fast. Indeed, for t ¼ 1000, we have a nearly perfect collapse onto the scaling functions 2 ¼ TrKð1 KÞ and S given by Eq. ...
... of sufficiently large size. The results are shown in Fig. 3 for different times, plotted against the scaling variable s. One can see that the convergence to the t ! 1 limit is fast. Indeed, for t ¼ 1000, we have a nearly perfect collapse onto the scaling functions 2 ¼ TrKð1 KÞ and S given by Eq. ...
Brownian motion of a colloidal particle immersed in a polymeric
... function is obtained by summing over the contributions of all paths that are weighted with the appropriate distribution of paths as a function of the slab’s geometry. We use an optical arrangement for DWS in transmission geometry, as shown in Ref. [11]. The intensity autocorrelation function g (2) ( ...
... function is obtained by summing over the contributions of all paths that are weighted with the appropriate distribution of paths as a function of the slab’s geometry. We use an optical arrangement for DWS in transmission geometry, as shown in Ref. [11]. The intensity autocorrelation function g (2) ( ...
semester two final review key units 5 and 6 only
... Biochemistry: sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms Hydrocarbon: are the simplest organic compounds. Containing only carbon and hydrogen, they can be straight-chain, branched chain or cyclic Carbohydrate: is a biological mol ...
... Biochemistry: sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms Hydrocarbon: are the simplest organic compounds. Containing only carbon and hydrogen, they can be straight-chain, branched chain or cyclic Carbohydrate: is a biological mol ...
Chapter 1 Heterogeneous catalysis - diss.fu
... Metal bonding with the support Ionic or covalent bonding of the metal to the support is expected for the metallic atoms directly in contact with the support. The proportion of these atoms increases as particle size decreases. And therefore the influence of such atoms on the reaction increases with d ...
... Metal bonding with the support Ionic or covalent bonding of the metal to the support is expected for the metallic atoms directly in contact with the support. The proportion of these atoms increases as particle size decreases. And therefore the influence of such atoms on the reaction increases with d ...
Chapter One
... a C-H combustion train to produce 0.3509 g of CO2 and 0.1915 g of H2O. Determine the masses of C and H in the sample, the percentage of these elements in this hydrocarbon, and the empirical formula of the compound. ...
... a C-H combustion train to produce 0.3509 g of CO2 and 0.1915 g of H2O. Determine the masses of C and H in the sample, the percentage of these elements in this hydrocarbon, and the empirical formula of the compound. ...
Problem Set 1 (due 2/21/06)
... directed into a monochromator for scanning the emission. A fluorescence excitation spectrum is collected by measuring the intensity of a single emitted wavelength over a scan of excitation wavelengths. Typically the source would be a continuous source with a monochrometer (or the harmonics of a tuna ...
... directed into a monochromator for scanning the emission. A fluorescence excitation spectrum is collected by measuring the intensity of a single emitted wavelength over a scan of excitation wavelengths. Typically the source would be a continuous source with a monochrometer (or the harmonics of a tuna ...
On the relation between diffusion, sedimentation, and friction
... where ka is the Boltzmann constant and T the absolute temperature. Obviously, the quantities D and ƒ must be taken with respect to the same frame of reference. In this paper, we will further use the volume frame of reference. With the advent of the ultracentrifuge some 60 years ago, it became feasib ...
... where ka is the Boltzmann constant and T the absolute temperature. Obviously, the quantities D and ƒ must be taken with respect to the same frame of reference. In this paper, we will further use the volume frame of reference. With the advent of the ultracentrifuge some 60 years ago, it became feasib ...
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a correlation analysis of fluctuation of the fluorescence intensity. The analysis provides parameters of the physics under the fluctuations. One of the interesting applications of this is an analysis of the concentration fluctuations of fluorescent particles (molecules) in solution. In this application, the fluorescence emitted from a very tiny space in solution containing a small number of fluorescent particles (molecules) is observed. The fluorescence intensity is fluctuating due to Brownian motion of the particles. In other words, the number of the particles in the sub-space defined by the optical system is randomly changing around the average number. The analysis gives the average number of fluorescent particles and average diffusion time, when the particle is passing through the space. Eventually, both the concentration and size of the particle (molecule) are determined. Both parameters are important in biochemical research, biophysics, and chemistry.FCS is such a sensitive analytical tool because it observes a small number of molecules (nanomolar to picomolar concentrations) in a small volume (~1μm3). In contrast to other methods (such as HPLC analysis) FCS has no physical separation process; instead, it achieves its spatial resolution through its optics. Furthermore, FCS enables observation of fluorescence-tagged molecules in the biochemical pathway in intact living cells. This opens a new area, ""in situ or in vivo biochemistry"": tracing the biochemical pathway in intact cells and organs.Commonly, FCS is employed in the context of optical microscopy, in particular Confocal microscopy or two-photon excitation microscopy. In these techniques light is focused on a sample and the measured fluorescence intensity fluctuations (due to diffusion, physical or chemical reactions, aggregation, etc.) are analyzed using the temporal autocorrelation. Because the measured property is essentially related to the magnitude and/or the amount of fluctuations, there is an optimum measurement regime at the level when individual species enter or exit the observation volume (or turn on and off in the volume). When too many entities are measured at the same time the overall fluctuations are small in comparison to the total signal and may not be resolvable – in the other direction, if the individual fluctuation-events are too sparse in time, one measurement may take prohibitively too long. FCS is in a way the fluorescent counterpart to dynamic light scattering, which uses coherent light scattering, instead of (incoherent) fluorescence.When an appropriate model is known, FCS can be used to obtain quantitative information such as diffusion coefficients hydrodynamic radii average concentrations kinetic chemical reaction rates singlet-triplet dynamicsBecause fluorescent markers come in a variety of colors and can be specifically bound to a particular molecule (e.g. proteins, polymers, metal-complexes, etc.), it is possible to study the behavior of individual molecules (in rapid succession in composite solutions). With the development of sensitive detectors such as avalanche photodiodes the detection of the fluorescence signal coming from individual molecules in highly dilute samples has become practical. With this emerged the possibility to conduct FCS experiments in a wide variety of specimens, ranging from materials science to biology. The advent of engineered cells with genetically tagged proteins (like green fluorescent protein) has made FCS a common tool for studying molecular dynamics in living cells.