Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... related but is so blatantly unnecessary for generating saccades – and the early findings on multiple coordinate systems in the SEF inspired a new generation of experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level function for the SEF. The premise is that the SEF i ...
... related but is so blatantly unnecessary for generating saccades – and the early findings on multiple coordinate systems in the SEF inspired a new generation of experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level function for the SEF. The premise is that the SEF i ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
INVESTIGATING THE SOPHISTICATION OF LONG-LATENCY UPPER LIMB
... 1967; Hammond, 1956; Rothwell et al., 1980). The duality of the long-latency reflex, which is on the one hand fast, simple and automatic like the short-latency reflex, and on the other hand, complex and capable like voluntary control has yielded a great deal of debate about its functional role in m ...
... 1967; Hammond, 1956; Rothwell et al., 1980). The duality of the long-latency reflex, which is on the one hand fast, simple and automatic like the short-latency reflex, and on the other hand, complex and capable like voluntary control has yielded a great deal of debate about its functional role in m ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... (Albus 1975; Blasdel & Salama 1986). Therefore, Hubel and Wiesel’s classic model showing orientation columns as discrete slabs is misleading because the columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the ...
... (Albus 1975; Blasdel & Salama 1986). Therefore, Hubel and Wiesel’s classic model showing orientation columns as discrete slabs is misleading because the columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... et al., 1983; Groenewegenand Russchen,1984; Heimer at al., 1991). Clarification of neural mechanismsof the execution of cocaine self-administration behavior (and other goal-directed behaviors) will require study of neural activity in all of these connected regions. In accordancewith this anatomical ...
... et al., 1983; Groenewegenand Russchen,1984; Heimer at al., 1991). Clarification of neural mechanismsof the execution of cocaine self-administration behavior (and other goal-directed behaviors) will require study of neural activity in all of these connected regions. In accordancewith this anatomical ...
Magnitude of the Object Recognition Deficit
... It is likely that the duration of time spent initially exploring the sample object will affect the discrimination of novelty, though this has rarely been examined. Some studies use a fixed sample period from 3 to 5 min (Aggleton et al., 1997; Ennaceur et al., 1996; Mumby et al., 2002), while others ...
... It is likely that the duration of time spent initially exploring the sample object will affect the discrimination of novelty, though this has rarely been examined. Some studies use a fixed sample period from 3 to 5 min (Aggleton et al., 1997; Ennaceur et al., 1996; Mumby et al., 2002), while others ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... 2001). It relies on a comparison of the fMRI response to stimuli under two conditions, one in which the attribute of interest remains constant, thus causing adaptation in neurons sensitive to this attribute, and one in which the attribute is varied so as to avoid adaptation. Any reduction in the fMR ...
... 2001). It relies on a comparison of the fMRI response to stimuli under two conditions, one in which the attribute of interest remains constant, thus causing adaptation in neurons sensitive to this attribute, and one in which the attribute is varied so as to avoid adaptation. Any reduction in the fMR ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... nervosa when subjects were confronted with food and body image stimuli4. Other results showed a reduced activity in the right occipital cortex when patients were hungry4. PET scans can reveal changes in the metabolism of tissues such as brain regions2. In the nineties a series of PET studies has bee ...
... nervosa when subjects were confronted with food and body image stimuli4. Other results showed a reduced activity in the right occipital cortex when patients were hungry4. PET scans can reveal changes in the metabolism of tissues such as brain regions2. In the nineties a series of PET studies has bee ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
Background - Harvard University
... which largely belong to one of two categories. People often consider a reward as a particular object or event that one receives for having done something well. You succeed in an endeavor, and you receive your reward. This reward function could be most easily accommodated within the framework of inst ...
... which largely belong to one of two categories. People often consider a reward as a particular object or event that one receives for having done something well. You succeed in an endeavor, and you receive your reward. This reward function could be most easily accommodated within the framework of inst ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... Converging lines of research indicate that healthy emotion regulation relies upon the PFC [19, 20, 23-25], and that anxiety disorders may be linked to insufficient regulatory control from the PFC. Further, PFC dysregulation is associated with increased amygdala reactivity [26-31] and an exaggerated ...
... Converging lines of research indicate that healthy emotion regulation relies upon the PFC [19, 20, 23-25], and that anxiety disorders may be linked to insufficient regulatory control from the PFC. Further, PFC dysregulation is associated with increased amygdala reactivity [26-31] and an exaggerated ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
... FEF is retinotopically organized and has a map of visual field eccentricity (Schall, 2009). Many functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson ...
... FEF is retinotopically organized and has a map of visual field eccentricity (Schall, 2009). Many functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of multisensory convergence and integration in general. The anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) is one of but a few corti ...
... phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of multisensory convergence and integration in general. The anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) is one of but a few corti ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... Victor & Di Lorenzo, 2011), a particular firing frequency in an individual neuron may result from a low concentration of an effective stimulus or a high concentration of a less effective stimulus. If the brain encodes taste using a labeled line code, this ambiguity results in taste quality being con ...
... Victor & Di Lorenzo, 2011), a particular firing frequency in an individual neuron may result from a low concentration of an effective stimulus or a high concentration of a less effective stimulus. If the brain encodes taste using a labeled line code, this ambiguity results in taste quality being con ...
Supplementary Information (doc 1146K)
... top 2 features identified in the analysis above, and this same model was used to predict SAD vs. controls in the replication sample. Prior to learning, the effects of age and gender were regressed out from the features using a general linear model, and features were z-scored. Classification performa ...
... top 2 features identified in the analysis above, and this same model was used to predict SAD vs. controls in the replication sample. Prior to learning, the effects of age and gender were regressed out from the features using a general linear model, and features were z-scored. Classification performa ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... Bichot 2005; Thompson et al. 2005). In such a map, responses are not sensitive to the specific nature of visual features themselves but rather mark the locations of features that are behaviorally significant. In two studies where FEF neurons appeared to be selective for color and shape, it was argue ...
... Bichot 2005; Thompson et al. 2005). In such a map, responses are not sensitive to the specific nature of visual features themselves but rather mark the locations of features that are behaviorally significant. In two studies where FEF neurons appeared to be selective for color and shape, it was argue ...
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
... stimulus-reinforcer associations support our ability to identify and avoid potential environmental dangers. Extinction refers to the gradual decrease in the expression of the CR that occurs when the CS is presented repeatedly without the reinforcement of the US. Extinction learning involves the form ...
... stimulus-reinforcer associations support our ability to identify and avoid potential environmental dangers. Extinction refers to the gradual decrease in the expression of the CR that occurs when the CS is presented repeatedly without the reinforcement of the US. Extinction learning involves the form ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... Each experiment finds that this saccadic reaction time (SRT) ranges from rarely less than 100 ms to as much as 500 ms or more. Moreover, SRT can vary over a wide range across a block of trials even within a single task with constant stimuli and unchanging instructions. The origin of the delay and va ...
... Each experiment finds that this saccadic reaction time (SRT) ranges from rarely less than 100 ms to as much as 500 ms or more. Moreover, SRT can vary over a wide range across a block of trials even within a single task with constant stimuli and unchanging instructions. The origin of the delay and va ...
(2010) Surround suppression sharpens the priority map in the lateral
... could be achieved in the brain by enhancing the neural activity encoding the location of the task-relevant stimulus or by suppressing the neural activity associated with the location of the task-irrelevant stimulus. In principle, an efficient neural strategy ...
... could be achieved in the brain by enhancing the neural activity encoding the location of the task-relevant stimulus or by suppressing the neural activity associated with the location of the task-irrelevant stimulus. In principle, an efficient neural strategy ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... temporal areas TE1, Ts1, Ts2, and 36, and the anteromedial (AM), ventral anterior (VA), and mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nuclei, which are connected with prefrontal cortices. Using a microsyringe (Hamilton, 5 l) mounted on a microdrive, we injected the bidirectional tracers biotinylated dextran amine ...
... temporal areas TE1, Ts1, Ts2, and 36, and the anteromedial (AM), ventral anterior (VA), and mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nuclei, which are connected with prefrontal cortices. Using a microsyringe (Hamilton, 5 l) mounted on a microdrive, we injected the bidirectional tracers biotinylated dextran amine ...
Executive functions
Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (regulation, control) of cognitive processes, including working memory, reasoning, task flexibility, and problem solving as well as planning and execution.The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes, such as executive functions. The prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe are necessary but not solely sufficient for carrying out these functions.