Chapter 4 D : M
... expenditure. As a result, the revenue deficit indicated a declining trend since 2002-03 but the decline was substantial and remarkable of the order of 22.07 per cent in the year 2004-05. The rate of growth in revenue expenditure however exceeded again to that of revenue receipts by 4.32 percentage p ...
... expenditure. As a result, the revenue deficit indicated a declining trend since 2002-03 but the decline was substantial and remarkable of the order of 22.07 per cent in the year 2004-05. The rate of growth in revenue expenditure however exceeded again to that of revenue receipts by 4.32 percentage p ...
Chile`s new fiscal rule
... if a government has a margin for “creative accounting”, the imposition of a fiscal rule may entail a trade-off between costly “window-dressing” and real fiscal adjustment. Mattina and Delorme (1996) show that fiscal discipline imposed by market mechanisms can be just as effective as fiscal rules. Th ...
... if a government has a margin for “creative accounting”, the imposition of a fiscal rule may entail a trade-off between costly “window-dressing” and real fiscal adjustment. Mattina and Delorme (1996) show that fiscal discipline imposed by market mechanisms can be just as effective as fiscal rules. Th ...
Trade barriers and export potential: Gravity
... markets (measured by GDP). Estimates vary across sectors and their absolute values are generally higher if we use aggregated trade data, as opposed to data at the detailed product level. Due to this variation, we indicate a range with lower and upper bounds for the “tariff elasticity” for each main ...
... markets (measured by GDP). Estimates vary across sectors and their absolute values are generally higher if we use aggregated trade data, as opposed to data at the detailed product level. Due to this variation, we indicate a range with lower and upper bounds for the “tariff elasticity” for each main ...
Chapter 7 Chile`s New Fiscal Rule
... reversed over the course of the business cycle, while permanent shocks need attention. The structural balance can also be interpreted as an indicator for discretionary fiscal policy. If the business cycle leads to non-discretionary changes in fiscal policy through automatic stabilizers, while the bu ...
... reversed over the course of the business cycle, while permanent shocks need attention. The structural balance can also be interpreted as an indicator for discretionary fiscal policy. If the business cycle leads to non-discretionary changes in fiscal policy through automatic stabilizers, while the bu ...
Economics AQA AS Unit 1 WORKBOOK ANSWERS
... GDP — is total output of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. (1 mark) PPP — is rate of exchange between two currencies that gives them equal purchasing powers in each country (1 mark) or the adjustment made for the price of a basket of comparable goods and services (1 ...
... GDP — is total output of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. (1 mark) PPP — is rate of exchange between two currencies that gives them equal purchasing powers in each country (1 mark) or the adjustment made for the price of a basket of comparable goods and services (1 ...
The effects of EU aid on receiving and sending countries
... Agricultural Policy, but also how much will be spent on aid to developing countries. Whilst there are ongoing discussions on EU spending on CAP and social cohesion, there are comparatively fewer discussions on the effects of EU aid for both sending and receiving countries. Whilst there have been var ...
... Agricultural Policy, but also how much will be spent on aid to developing countries. Whilst there are ongoing discussions on EU spending on CAP and social cohesion, there are comparatively fewer discussions on the effects of EU aid for both sending and receiving countries. Whilst there have been var ...
IPR-int_Executive Summary_16Seiter_07102016.indd
... The present report, drawn up as a joint project between the EUIPO and the EPO, and benefiting from input from other IP offices, European Commission services and international organisations, is the second major study resulting from this collaboration, following a first study published by the two Offi ...
... The present report, drawn up as a joint project between the EUIPO and the EPO, and benefiting from input from other IP offices, European Commission services and international organisations, is the second major study resulting from this collaboration, following a first study published by the two Offi ...
View/ the full texst in PDF format
... business cycle in the USA between 1956 and 1961. From his analysis he inferred: “The course of the business cycle in the USA in 1956-61 confirms the view that the capitalist economy still shows a tendency to go into recession, but that a high level of government expenditure during crisis, pay-outs o ...
... business cycle in the USA between 1956 and 1961. From his analysis he inferred: “The course of the business cycle in the USA in 1956-61 confirms the view that the capitalist economy still shows a tendency to go into recession, but that a high level of government expenditure during crisis, pay-outs o ...
DOES OPENNESS IMPLY GREATER EXPOSURE?*
... from endogeneity of trade to income levels or GDP growth, lack of robustness due to exclusion of relevant controls and/or use of inadequate data samples and estimation techniques. Rodrik and Rodriguez (2000) report that TO effects on growth are not robust to inclusion of geographic latitude and Rod ...
... from endogeneity of trade to income levels or GDP growth, lack of robustness due to exclusion of relevant controls and/or use of inadequate data samples and estimation techniques. Rodrik and Rodriguez (2000) report that TO effects on growth are not robust to inclusion of geographic latitude and Rod ...
The Impact of the Doha Round on Kenya
... percent for processed food activities; 2.5 percent in manufacturing and mining; and 0.8 percent in agriculture. In some activities, increases or decreases in output could be as large as 10 percent. The degree of job adjustment will be equivalent to 4.6 percent of total employment for unskilled worke ...
... percent for processed food activities; 2.5 percent in manufacturing and mining; and 0.8 percent in agriculture. In some activities, increases or decreases in output could be as large as 10 percent. The degree of job adjustment will be equivalent to 4.6 percent of total employment for unskilled worke ...
Security Scenarios And The Global Economy
... • China which is the main trading partner for almost all other Asian states has promoted its “Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Plus Three (China, Japan and South Korea) framework ...
... • China which is the main trading partner for almost all other Asian states has promoted its “Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Plus Three (China, Japan and South Korea) framework ...
some characteristics of sharp current account deficit reversals in
... and external indebtedness. We focus on two different reversal episodes, i.e. Reversal I (68 episodes) and Reversal II (10 episodes), where the first one is significantly less restrictive. Second, we also try to reveal some characteristics of persistent current account deficits in the region. We identif ...
... and external indebtedness. We focus on two different reversal episodes, i.e. Reversal I (68 episodes) and Reversal II (10 episodes), where the first one is significantly less restrictive. Second, we also try to reveal some characteristics of persistent current account deficits in the region. We identif ...
quarterly journal of economics
... obtain a much sharper solution for quality than is found in previous literature. That solution depends on cost, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.) and f.o.b. prices (measured by unit values) and the parameters of our model: the elasticity of substitution, a Pareto productivity parameter, and also a par ...
... obtain a much sharper solution for quality than is found in previous literature. That solution depends on cost, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.) and f.o.b. prices (measured by unit values) and the parameters of our model: the elasticity of substitution, a Pareto productivity parameter, and also a par ...
Business Cycles and Public Finances
... balance, particularly at cyclical reversals, since employment often responds more slowly than output. One reason is that firms typically adapt their staff to output with a certain lag. Consequently, it may take some time for a decline in output, as seen recently, to filter through to employment. By ...
... balance, particularly at cyclical reversals, since employment often responds more slowly than output. One reason is that firms typically adapt their staff to output with a certain lag. Consequently, it may take some time for a decline in output, as seen recently, to filter through to employment. By ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: Exchange Rate Theory and Practice
... correlation between disturbances originating in different countries. Of particular interest will be foreign disturbances which are alternatively positively and negatively correlated, since these have very different implications for the choice between regimes. The paper will investigate two intuitive ...
... correlation between disturbances originating in different countries. Of particular interest will be foreign disturbances which are alternatively positively and negatively correlated, since these have very different implications for the choice between regimes. The paper will investigate two intuitive ...
free sample here
... change, so do the prices of exports and imports. Countries whose exchange rates are depreciating will find their exports becoming more price competitive and their imports relatively more expensive. If a seller of products or services expects payment for exports in any denomination other than their h ...
... change, so do the prices of exports and imports. Countries whose exchange rates are depreciating will find their exports becoming more price competitive and their imports relatively more expensive. If a seller of products or services expects payment for exports in any denomination other than their h ...
CRS Report for Congress World Trade Organization (WTO):
... WTO membership on the trade flows of various countries, both members and nonmembers. The first study8, using some 50 years of trade statistics from 175 countries, found that the existence of the GATT/WTO, by itself, did not have a significant positive effect on trade flows. However, a second study9 ...
... WTO membership on the trade flows of various countries, both members and nonmembers. The first study8, using some 50 years of trade statistics from 175 countries, found that the existence of the GATT/WTO, by itself, did not have a significant positive effect on trade flows. However, a second study9 ...
... the Millennium Development Goal of halving extreme poverty by 2015 have improved considerably over the past three years, as economic growth in the developing world has become more broad-based and embraced many of the poorest countries. At a time when the forces of economic expansion in some major de ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE END OF LARGE CURRENT
... and in particular of public and household savings. Some analysts have argued that the recent decline in U.S. savings has been, at least partially, the result of the Fed’s policy of (very) low interest rates. According to this view, low interest rates have helped fuel very rapid increases in housing ...
... and in particular of public and household savings. Some analysts have argued that the recent decline in U.S. savings has been, at least partially, the result of the Fed’s policy of (very) low interest rates. According to this view, low interest rates have helped fuel very rapid increases in housing ...
DRAFT September 8, 2010
... The current account balance is the sum of the trade balance, remittance inflows, and the interest payments/receipts associated with the country’s international investment position. The latter is the product of the nominal interest rate on external debt/assets (given by the rate of time preference pl ...
... The current account balance is the sum of the trade balance, remittance inflows, and the interest payments/receipts associated with the country’s international investment position. The latter is the product of the nominal interest rate on external debt/assets (given by the rate of time preference pl ...
THE PROPOSED ECO: SHOULD WEST AFRICA
... The literature on optimal currency area emphasises trade as the main channel through which benefits from a common currency will be enjoyed. The more countries trade with each other, especially in a particular region, the more they will value regional exchange rate stability. In other words, the larg ...
... The literature on optimal currency area emphasises trade as the main channel through which benefits from a common currency will be enjoyed. The more countries trade with each other, especially in a particular region, the more they will value regional exchange rate stability. In other words, the larg ...
The Impact of Regional and Sectoral Productivity Changes on the
... prising land and structures. As emphasized by Blanchard and Katz (1992), labor is allowed to move across both regions and sectors. Land and structures can be used by any sector but are …xed locally. Sectors are interconnected by way of input-output linkages but, in contrast to Long and Plosser (198 ...
... prising land and structures. As emphasized by Blanchard and Katz (1992), labor is allowed to move across both regions and sectors. Land and structures can be used by any sector but are …xed locally. Sectors are interconnected by way of input-output linkages but, in contrast to Long and Plosser (198 ...
deficit spending and stabilization behaviour in austria
... (approximately the period of SPÖ-led coalition governments) it was the unemployment rate condition which, in retrospect, makes discretionary budget reactions appear more reasonable. Hence one may conclude that the motives of short-run budgetary policy changed between the terms of office of the conse ...
... (approximately the period of SPÖ-led coalition governments) it was the unemployment rate condition which, in retrospect, makes discretionary budget reactions appear more reasonable. Hence one may conclude that the motives of short-run budgetary policy changed between the terms of office of the conse ...
Balance of trade
The commercial balance or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period, measured in the currency of that economy. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance.