Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... which is a ventral extension of the CD-PUT (199). Although the basal ganglia have limited routes for their inputs and outputs, individual nuclei are often connected with each other, and therefore, it is difficult to understand, solely based on the known anatomical connections, how the information is ...
... which is a ventral extension of the CD-PUT (199). Although the basal ganglia have limited routes for their inputs and outputs, individual nuclei are often connected with each other, and therefore, it is difficult to understand, solely based on the known anatomical connections, how the information is ...
Learning in the oculomotor system: from molecules to behavior
... regulation of behavior by learning. The oculomotor system is an experimental system particularly well suited to this challenge. Eye movements can be categorized into several types of reflexive and voluntary movements — the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), the optokinetic reflex, ocular following, smoot ...
... regulation of behavior by learning. The oculomotor system is an experimental system particularly well suited to this challenge. Eye movements can be categorized into several types of reflexive and voluntary movements — the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), the optokinetic reflex, ocular following, smoot ...
Horizontal Interactions in Cat Striate Cortex: 1. Anatomical Substrate
... After 2 or 3 days of survival animals that received only WGA-HRP injections and whose visual cortex was to be prepared for tangential sectioning (see Table l), were anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride, and killed with an overdose injection of pentobarbitone sodium (N ...
... After 2 or 3 days of survival animals that received only WGA-HRP injections and whose visual cortex was to be prepared for tangential sectioning (see Table l), were anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride, and killed with an overdose injection of pentobarbitone sodium (N ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... the micropipette with a freshly made, saturated solution of biocytin (ⱖ4%; Sigma, St. L ouis, MO) in sterile saline. We took a photograph of the cortical surface for later reference and chose injection sites in areas free of blood vessels and spaced ⬎3 mm apart. Just before introducing the pipette, ...
... the micropipette with a freshly made, saturated solution of biocytin (ⱖ4%; Sigma, St. L ouis, MO) in sterile saline. We took a photograph of the cortical surface for later reference and chose injection sites in areas free of blood vessels and spaced ⬎3 mm apart. Just before introducing the pipette, ...
Contributions of Retinal Ganglion Cells to
... Origins of parallel pathways in the retina. (a) Bipolar cells can be divided into two broad types: rod and cone bipolar cells. There is only one type of rod bipolar cell ( green), an On type, that stratifies its axon terminals in the extreme vitreal portion of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). There ...
... Origins of parallel pathways in the retina. (a) Bipolar cells can be divided into two broad types: rod and cone bipolar cells. There is only one type of rod bipolar cell ( green), an On type, that stratifies its axon terminals in the extreme vitreal portion of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). There ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... By injecting individual muscle groups with visible tracers that are transported by the axons of the lower motor neurons back to their cell bodies, the lower motor neurons that innervate each of the body’s skeletal muscles can be seen in histological sections of the ventral horns of the spinal cord. ...
... By injecting individual muscle groups with visible tracers that are transported by the axons of the lower motor neurons back to their cell bodies, the lower motor neurons that innervate each of the body’s skeletal muscles can be seen in histological sections of the ventral horns of the spinal cord. ...
Experimental Brain Research 221(1)
... et al. 2002; Chang et al. 2008; Andersen and Cui 2009). PRR is more medial and posterior to the putative ‘parietal eye field’ (PEF) (Andersen et al. 1992), which is situated in approximately the middle third of the lateral bank of IPS (lateral intraparietal area, LIP; Fig. 1a, blue ellipse), and is ...
... et al. 2002; Chang et al. 2008; Andersen and Cui 2009). PRR is more medial and posterior to the putative ‘parietal eye field’ (PEF) (Andersen et al. 1992), which is situated in approximately the middle third of the lateral bank of IPS (lateral intraparietal area, LIP; Fig. 1a, blue ellipse), and is ...
The transference of benefits between the eyes Does
... should be the eye used for monocular task and therefore has no unique functional role in vision, at least when it comes to monocular studies. There is evidence that support this view. For instance, in some people the dominant eye is the eye they have a habit of using more and other people alternate ...
... should be the eye used for monocular task and therefore has no unique functional role in vision, at least when it comes to monocular studies. There is evidence that support this view. For instance, in some people the dominant eye is the eye they have a habit of using more and other people alternate ...
Failure of the oculomotor neural integrator from a discrete midline
... A discrete electrolytic lesion, having a roughly columnar shape approximately 4 mm deep and 1 mm in diameter, was made on the midline between the abducens nuclei. This was done by positioning a tungsten microelectrode using the stereotaxic map, and advancing it into the brainstem in five 1 mm steps. ...
... A discrete electrolytic lesion, having a roughly columnar shape approximately 4 mm deep and 1 mm in diameter, was made on the midline between the abducens nuclei. This was done by positioning a tungsten microelectrode using the stereotaxic map, and advancing it into the brainstem in five 1 mm steps. ...
Motor areas of the frontal lobe by Jarrod Blinch
... nervous system. Topics investigated in my field include human information processing, attention, coordination, sensory and central contributions to motor control, etc. Studies in these areas involve treating the brain like a black box. I can study the stages of information processing without answeri ...
... nervous system. Topics investigated in my field include human information processing, attention, coordination, sensory and central contributions to motor control, etc. Studies in these areas involve treating the brain like a black box. I can study the stages of information processing without answeri ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
Remapping of Border Ownership in the Visual Cortex
... We see objects as having continuity although the retinal image changes frequently. How such continuity is achieved is hard to understand, because neurons in the visual cortex have small receptive fields that are fixed on the retina, which means that a different set of neurons is activated every time ...
... We see objects as having continuity although the retinal image changes frequently. How such continuity is achieved is hard to understand, because neurons in the visual cortex have small receptive fields that are fixed on the retina, which means that a different set of neurons is activated every time ...
Vdhjections InducedInto the Auditory Pathway of Ferrets. I
... that in lesioned animals, the auditory thalamus (specifically, the medial geniculate nucleus, or MGN) transmits visual rather than auditory information to primary auditory cortex (AI) (Sur et al., '88). As aresult, single cells in AI respond to visual stimulation. We have also demonstrated that a re ...
... that in lesioned animals, the auditory thalamus (specifically, the medial geniculate nucleus, or MGN) transmits visual rather than auditory information to primary auditory cortex (AI) (Sur et al., '88). As aresult, single cells in AI respond to visual stimulation. We have also demonstrated that a re ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... also found that both transporters were colocalized in many layer IV terminals. This appears to confirm an earlier observation in rats in which VGluT1 and VGluT2 mRNA were co-expressed in nearly all neurons in the primary sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, ...
... also found that both transporters were colocalized in many layer IV terminals. This appears to confirm an earlier observation in rats in which VGluT1 and VGluT2 mRNA were co-expressed in nearly all neurons in the primary sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, ...
Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex
... specification of convolutions. Moreover, a spatial arrangement of cortical regions through the minimization of the axonal tension of interlinking fibers would lead to a reduction of cortical wire and volume (Van Essen 1997). Since the exact development, spatial layout, and density of long-range projec ...
... specification of convolutions. Moreover, a spatial arrangement of cortical regions through the minimization of the axonal tension of interlinking fibers would lead to a reduction of cortical wire and volume (Van Essen 1997). Since the exact development, spatial layout, and density of long-range projec ...
Tricas 2008
... ophthalmic clusters in the sandbar shark, which has a quasi-conical head, approached elevations of ±90°. In comparison, the expanded cephalophoil of hammerhead shark showed reduced elevation projections at ±60° and the dorsoventrally flattened stingray at only about ±40°. The longest canals and most ...
... ophthalmic clusters in the sandbar shark, which has a quasi-conical head, approached elevations of ±90°. In comparison, the expanded cephalophoil of hammerhead shark showed reduced elevation projections at ±60° and the dorsoventrally flattened stingray at only about ±40°. The longest canals and most ...
The Thalamus
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... Figure 1. sCRACM reveals a lack of L2/3 inputs to PT-type neurons in the deeper half of L5B vibrissal motor cortex. A, Schematic depicting injection of retrograde tracer into pons to label PT-type neurons, in an animal previously treated with in utero electroporation of ChR2-mVenus into L2/3 pyramid ...
... Figure 1. sCRACM reveals a lack of L2/3 inputs to PT-type neurons in the deeper half of L5B vibrissal motor cortex. A, Schematic depicting injection of retrograde tracer into pons to label PT-type neurons, in an animal previously treated with in utero electroporation of ChR2-mVenus into L2/3 pyramid ...
5. the architecture of the visual cortex
... already described, the richest connections run up and down, intimately linking the different layers. Diagonal and side-to-side connections generally run for 1or 2 millimeters, although a few travel up to 4 or 5 millimeters. This limitation in lateral spread of information has profound consequences. ...
... already described, the richest connections run up and down, intimately linking the different layers. Diagonal and side-to-side connections generally run for 1or 2 millimeters, although a few travel up to 4 or 5 millimeters. This limitation in lateral spread of information has profound consequences. ...
Reprint () - Centre de recherche CERVO
... consistently showed up after all injections made into SP5i. Collectively, these axons project to a number of sites in the thalamus and upper brainstem. The most robust projections are to the superior colliculus, the pretectum, the ventral division of the zona incerta (ZIv), and the prerubral field, ...
... consistently showed up after all injections made into SP5i. Collectively, these axons project to a number of sites in the thalamus and upper brainstem. The most robust projections are to the superior colliculus, the pretectum, the ventral division of the zona incerta (ZIv), and the prerubral field, ...
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUAL-SACCADIC DECISION MAKING
... (1649, 1664), in particular, challenged this view when he suggested a dualist approach to understanding how sensation and action might be connected. He proposed that all of human behavior could be divided into two principle classes that could be viewed as the product of two mechanistically distinct ...
... (1649, 1664), in particular, challenged this view when he suggested a dualist approach to understanding how sensation and action might be connected. He proposed that all of human behavior could be divided into two principle classes that could be viewed as the product of two mechanistically distinct ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... cortical areas that in turn provide feedback (right wing). Panel adapted from Markov et al. (2013). Cortical high-density counterstream architectures. Science 342:1238406. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. (b) Hierarchy of visual areas. The lateral frontal eye field (FEF) (8l), which produces sho ...
... cortical areas that in turn provide feedback (right wing). Panel adapted from Markov et al. (2013). Cortical high-density counterstream architectures. Science 342:1238406. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. (b) Hierarchy of visual areas. The lateral frontal eye field (FEF) (8l), which produces sho ...
Lec #10_Central Vis - Biology Courses Server
... – Map of the visual field onto a target structure (retina, LGN, superior colliculus, striate cortex) – Central visual field overrepresented – Discrete point of light: Activates many cells in the target structure due to overlapping receptive fields – Perception: Based on the brain’s interpretation of ...
... – Map of the visual field onto a target structure (retina, LGN, superior colliculus, striate cortex) – Central visual field overrepresented – Discrete point of light: Activates many cells in the target structure due to overlapping receptive fields – Perception: Based on the brain’s interpretation of ...
THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL CORTEX AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT
... Fig. 6. Autoradiographic labelling patterns from the striate cortex of four monocularly deprived monkeys illustrating the distribution of geniculate terminals in layer IVC after closures at different ages. In all cases the normal (left) eye was injected with deprived geniculate terminals. 1 5 ...
... Fig. 6. Autoradiographic labelling patterns from the striate cortex of four monocularly deprived monkeys illustrating the distribution of geniculate terminals in layer IVC after closures at different ages. In all cases the normal (left) eye was injected with deprived geniculate terminals. 1 5 ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.