Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... Submitted 3 August 2009; accepted in final form 2 October 2009 ...
... Submitted 3 August 2009; accepted in final form 2 October 2009 ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... © J. ALTMAN: NEURAL AND MENTAL EVOLUTION 6.1.2. Simian Somatic Advances. Old World monkeys are generally much larger than prosimians. Whereas the largest prosimians, like the ring-tailed lemur or the aye-aye, weigh no more than about 3 kg, the male long-tailed macaque may weigh up to 12 kg, the Hanu ...
... © J. ALTMAN: NEURAL AND MENTAL EVOLUTION 6.1.2. Simian Somatic Advances. Old World monkeys are generally much larger than prosimians. Whereas the largest prosimians, like the ring-tailed lemur or the aye-aye, weigh no more than about 3 kg, the male long-tailed macaque may weigh up to 12 kg, the Hanu ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Barnes & Asselman, 1991). However, this strategy is limited to conditions where target trajectory is predictable. In particular, it fails in all conditions where the target undergoes unpredictable changes in trajectory, as they cannot be anticipated by the subject. For instance, most people have pro ...
... Barnes & Asselman, 1991). However, this strategy is limited to conditions where target trajectory is predictable. In particular, it fails in all conditions where the target undergoes unpredictable changes in trajectory, as they cannot be anticipated by the subject. For instance, most people have pro ...
directional asymmetries of optokinetic nystagmus: developmental
... are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only visual inputs are involved. Between these extremes there is a broad range within the spectrum of normal head movements where both visual and vestibular signals are used. ...
... are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only visual inputs are involved. Between these extremes there is a broad range within the spectrum of normal head movements where both visual and vestibular signals are used. ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... While many studies have focused on excitatory connections, a few have examined inhibitory connections. These are more difficult to study, because inhibitory cells are less common than excitatory cells, and because there are at least seven distinct morphological classes (Salin and Bullier, 1995). How ...
... While many studies have focused on excitatory connections, a few have examined inhibitory connections. These are more difficult to study, because inhibitory cells are less common than excitatory cells, and because there are at least seven distinct morphological classes (Salin and Bullier, 1995). How ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... expel carbon dioxide. Having a porous skin, they are liable to dry out. Finally, since skin breathing requires a high ratio of surface area to volume, the large-bodied amphibians that have evolved could survive only in moist habitats. Notwithstanding these handicaps, amphibians became dominant creat ...
... expel carbon dioxide. Having a porous skin, they are liable to dry out. Finally, since skin breathing requires a high ratio of surface area to volume, the large-bodied amphibians that have evolved could survive only in moist habitats. Notwithstanding these handicaps, amphibians became dominant creat ...
BMC Neuroscience
... II-III when issued from areas with more layers, or denser layer IV, in comparison with the area of termination. In the reverse direction, projection neurons originate predominantly in layers V-VI. This hypothesis has received support in the ipsilateral connections of prefrontal areas with each other ...
... II-III when issued from areas with more layers, or denser layer IV, in comparison with the area of termination. In the reverse direction, projection neurons originate predominantly in layers V-VI. This hypothesis has received support in the ipsilateral connections of prefrontal areas with each other ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... noise from the optical traces in real time (Manis et al., unpublished observations). The slices transmitted between 25 and 50% of the incident light. A calibration pulse was included on the optical recordings by adding a fraction of the resting fluorescence signal to the recording with a gated summi ...
... noise from the optical traces in real time (Manis et al., unpublished observations). The slices transmitted between 25 and 50% of the incident light. A calibration pulse was included on the optical recordings by adding a fraction of the resting fluorescence signal to the recording with a gated summi ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... quantitative differences in their regional distribution in the prefrontal cortices (Dombrowski et al., 2001), which are connected with superior temporal cortices (for review see Barbas, 1992). Regional variations in distinct types of interneurons have also been noted in some sensory and other associ ...
... quantitative differences in their regional distribution in the prefrontal cortices (Dombrowski et al., 2001), which are connected with superior temporal cortices (for review see Barbas, 1992). Regional variations in distinct types of interneurons have also been noted in some sensory and other associ ...
The Influence of Retinal Afferents Upon the Development of Layers
... is a well defined cell-free zone separating lamina A from the perigeniculate nucleus rostrally and from the medial interlaminar nucleus medially. The border between the medial interlaminar nucleus and the C laminae is less clear, as in a normal animal. In contrast to this, on the side of the survivi ...
... is a well defined cell-free zone separating lamina A from the perigeniculate nucleus rostrally and from the medial interlaminar nucleus medially. The border between the medial interlaminar nucleus and the C laminae is less clear, as in a normal animal. In contrast to this, on the side of the survivi ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... The frontal eye field is critically involved in the neural processes underlying the generation of purposive eye movements (for review see Goldberg and Segraves 1989). Since Ferrier’s observations in the 19th century, it has been known that electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe causes contralate ...
... The frontal eye field is critically involved in the neural processes underlying the generation of purposive eye movements (for review see Goldberg and Segraves 1989). Since Ferrier’s observations in the 19th century, it has been known that electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe causes contralate ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
... superior olivary complex (SOC), which comprises three important subgroups (LSO, MSO, MNTB) involved in the localization of sound in space. The SOC sends projections primarily to the inferior colliculus (IC), while information from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) projects directly to the IC. From t ...
... superior olivary complex (SOC), which comprises three important subgroups (LSO, MSO, MNTB) involved in the localization of sound in space. The SOC sends projections primarily to the inferior colliculus (IC), while information from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) projects directly to the IC. From t ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... during the period 400 –200 msec before stimulus presentation for correct pro-saccade and anti-saccade trials. Gap and overlap trials were combined for this analysis. For comparing the neuronal prestimulus activity, we determined the mean activity in the period 40 –50 msec after stimulus presentation ...
... during the period 400 –200 msec before stimulus presentation for correct pro-saccade and anti-saccade trials. Gap and overlap trials were combined for this analysis. For comparing the neuronal prestimulus activity, we determined the mean activity in the period 40 –50 msec after stimulus presentation ...
Saccade performance in the nasal and temporal
... There is good evidence indicating that the SC plays a large role in the saccadic system. The SC receives direct input from the retina and in SC’s dorsal superficial layers is a retinotopic map but more ventral is what Leigh and Zee (1999) call “motormap”. The SC also receives direct input from the p ...
... There is good evidence indicating that the SC plays a large role in the saccadic system. The SC receives direct input from the retina and in SC’s dorsal superficial layers is a retinotopic map but more ventral is what Leigh and Zee (1999) call “motormap”. The SC also receives direct input from the p ...
Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Primate Mesencephalic
... Waitzman, David M., Valentine L. Silakov, Stacy DePalmaBowles, and Amanda S. Ayers. Effects of reversible inactivation of the primate mesencephalic reticular formation. I. Hypermetric goaldirected saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2260 –2284, 2000. Singleneuron recording and electrical microstimulation ...
... Waitzman, David M., Valentine L. Silakov, Stacy DePalmaBowles, and Amanda S. Ayers. Effects of reversible inactivation of the primate mesencephalic reticular formation. I. Hypermetric goaldirected saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2260 –2284, 2000. Singleneuron recording and electrical microstimulation ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... both of which greatly overlapped with activations evoked by visually guided saccades. In each map, activated voxels coded for saccade directions and memorized locations predominantly in the contralateral hemifield with neighboring saccade directions and memorized locations represented in adjacent lo ...
... both of which greatly overlapped with activations evoked by visually guided saccades. In each map, activated voxels coded for saccade directions and memorized locations predominantly in the contralateral hemifield with neighboring saccade directions and memorized locations represented in adjacent lo ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... when structurally distinct cortices, in general, are connected? The present study addresses these questions by focusing on connections between prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey. The prefrontal region is composed of structurally heterogeneous areas, ranging from agranular type areas, which hav ...
... when structurally distinct cortices, in general, are connected? The present study addresses these questions by focusing on connections between prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey. The prefrontal region is composed of structurally heterogeneous areas, ranging from agranular type areas, which hav ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... nucleus. The two most ventral layers of the nucleus contain relatively large cells and are known as the magnocellular layers; their main retinal input is from M ganglion cells. The four dorsal layers are known as parvocellular layers and receive input from P ganglion cells. Both the magnocellular an ...
... nucleus. The two most ventral layers of the nucleus contain relatively large cells and are known as the magnocellular layers; their main retinal input is from M ganglion cells. The four dorsal layers are known as parvocellular layers and receive input from P ganglion cells. Both the magnocellular an ...
neurophysics.ucsd.edu
... generated remains unknown [19]. Similarly, the pre-BötC is likely to be the key CPG for upper airway control during breathing, and is also involved in other breathing-related rhythms such as gasping and sighing [44–46]. These different respiratory patterns are likely to involve different neuromodul ...
... generated remains unknown [19]. Similarly, the pre-BötC is likely to be the key CPG for upper airway control during breathing, and is also involved in other breathing-related rhythms such as gasping and sighing [44–46]. These different respiratory patterns are likely to involve different neuromodul ...
Word Definition 12 Cranial Nerve innervation of
... accessory optic tract (dorsal, lateral, and medial). The neurons of these nuclei are activated by simultaneous and matching movements of all objects and contours in large parts of the visual field. The directions of movement correspond to the head movements to which the semicircular canals of the ve ...
... accessory optic tract (dorsal, lateral, and medial). The neurons of these nuclei are activated by simultaneous and matching movements of all objects and contours in large parts of the visual field. The directions of movement correspond to the head movements to which the semicircular canals of the ve ...
Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... in the somatosensory thalamus (Figure 2, first order/higher order, orange neuron). Using anatomical techniques, they demonstrated that large synaptic terminals from both the trigeminal nucleus and layer V of the barrel cortex innervated the proximal dendrites of single neurons in the medial subdivis ...
... in the somatosensory thalamus (Figure 2, first order/higher order, orange neuron). Using anatomical techniques, they demonstrated that large synaptic terminals from both the trigeminal nucleus and layer V of the barrel cortex innervated the proximal dendrites of single neurons in the medial subdivis ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... callosum to the adjacent cingulate gyri. This diffusion of HRP was sufficient to produce retrograde filling of neurons in the thalamus. In the animals used in this report, the thalamic label included a primary focus of HRP-filled neurons within the anterior nuclear group with additional light label ...
... callosum to the adjacent cingulate gyri. This diffusion of HRP was sufficient to produce retrograde filling of neurons in the thalamus. In the animals used in this report, the thalamic label included a primary focus of HRP-filled neurons within the anterior nuclear group with additional light label ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.