Convergence, Divergence, Pupillary Reactions and
... also obtained convergence from stimulating the midbrain in the cat. Convergence has been retained in patients after extensive lesions of the pons and of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (Reese and Yaskin, '41; also present, in author's experience, in gliomas of the pons). Also, convergence and con ...
... also obtained convergence from stimulating the midbrain in the cat. Convergence has been retained in patients after extensive lesions of the pons and of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (Reese and Yaskin, '41; also present, in author's experience, in gliomas of the pons). Also, convergence and con ...
Anatomical origins of ocular dominance in mouse primary visual cortex
... (Dräger and Olsen, 1980). The vertical meridian (which corresponds to the line of decussation, see Figure 1A) was easily identifiable because the ventrotemporal crescent (VTC) (i.e. the ipsilaterally projecting domain) was labeled in all retinas. Images (0.4 × 0.4 mm) of each RGC population were acq ...
... (Dräger and Olsen, 1980). The vertical meridian (which corresponds to the line of decussation, see Figure 1A) was easily identifiable because the ventrotemporal crescent (VTC) (i.e. the ipsilaterally projecting domain) was labeled in all retinas. Images (0.4 × 0.4 mm) of each RGC population were acq ...
What and Where Information in the Caudate Tail Guides Saccades
... which heavily projects to the anterior part of the striatum, particularly the head and body of the caudate nucleus (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985; Stanton et al., 1988; Shook et al., 1991; Parthasarathy et al., 1992). On the other hand, visual object information is transmitted predominantly to the ...
... which heavily projects to the anterior part of the striatum, particularly the head and body of the caudate nucleus (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985; Stanton et al., 1988; Shook et al., 1991; Parthasarathy et al., 1992). On the other hand, visual object information is transmitted predominantly to the ...
Ecology and Echolocation of Bats and Toothed Whales
... years ago (Neuweiler, 2003). Flight and echolocation allowed this diverse group of animals to exploit a new niche, aerial space during the night, which is what made them such a successful group. Two groups of bats can be distinguished, micro- and megachiropterans. Microchiropterans are relatively sm ...
... years ago (Neuweiler, 2003). Flight and echolocation allowed this diverse group of animals to exploit a new niche, aerial space during the night, which is what made them such a successful group. Two groups of bats can be distinguished, micro- and megachiropterans. Microchiropterans are relatively sm ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
Viktor`s Notes * Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways Disorders
... Types of afferent visual pathways lesions: a) retinal → see p. Eye63 >> b) retrobulbar (anterior to and including chiasm) - acuity loss, color deficits, visual field defects (usually central or cecocentral scotomas), afferent pupillary defect N.B. unilateral optic nerve lesions cause afferent pupill ...
... Types of afferent visual pathways lesions: a) retinal → see p. Eye63 >> b) retrobulbar (anterior to and including chiasm) - acuity loss, color deficits, visual field defects (usually central or cecocentral scotomas), afferent pupillary defect N.B. unilateral optic nerve lesions cause afferent pupill ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... (iv) M2. Inward reach movement, i.e. movement towards the memorized target outside the field of view. M1 and M2 periods of neural modulation related to arm movements towards the LED and towards the home button, respectively; both epochs could start before the onset of arm movement in case the neural ...
... (iv) M2. Inward reach movement, i.e. movement towards the memorized target outside the field of view. M1 and M2 periods of neural modulation related to arm movements towards the LED and towards the home button, respectively; both epochs could start before the onset of arm movement in case the neural ...
Control of echolocation pulses by neurons of the nucleus ambiguus
... H R P injections were m a d e into different parts of the nucleus ambiguus in six horseshoe bats. The neurotracer was located either in the intermediate part of the nucleus ambiguus, hosting the R L N as well as the S L N m o t o n e u r o n s , or in the rostral part of the nucleus containing the S ...
... H R P injections were m a d e into different parts of the nucleus ambiguus in six horseshoe bats. The neurotracer was located either in the intermediate part of the nucleus ambiguus, hosting the R L N as well as the S L N m o t o n e u r o n s , or in the rostral part of the nucleus containing the S ...
Laminar differences in plasticity in area 17 following retinal lesions
... Discrete retinal lesions of 6±128 diameter were placed in the left eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were prod ...
... Discrete retinal lesions of 6±128 diameter were placed in the left eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were prod ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... human nIII for the first time, and suggests that NP may contain upgaze motoneurons. Surprisingly, a strong GABAergic input to human MR motoneurons was discovered, which is not seen in monkey and may indicate a functional oculomotor specialization. Introduction Eye movements are essential for vision, ...
... human nIII for the first time, and suggests that NP may contain upgaze motoneurons. Surprisingly, a strong GABAergic input to human MR motoneurons was discovered, which is not seen in monkey and may indicate a functional oculomotor specialization. Introduction Eye movements are essential for vision, ...
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
Saccade Target Selection in Frontal Eye Field of Macaque. I. Visual
... = 0.626, y = 0.338) signaled the monkey to either execute (go) or withhold (nogo) a saccade, respectively. We refer to this color change as the trigger signal. The fraction of nogo trials in a set of blocks was 0% (all go trials), 100% (all nogo trials) or 12%. The time of the trigger signal could b ...
... = 0.626, y = 0.338) signaled the monkey to either execute (go) or withhold (nogo) a saccade, respectively. We refer to this color change as the trigger signal. The fraction of nogo trials in a set of blocks was 0% (all go trials), 100% (all nogo trials) or 12%. The time of the trigger signal could b ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... with fewer layers, or lower neuronal density, and terminate mostly in the upper layers of areas with more layers, or higher cell density (Barbas 1986; Barbas and RempelClower 1997; Rempel-Clower and Barbas 2000), such as the connection from D′ to G′ (Fig. 3). In the reverse direction, projection neu ...
... with fewer layers, or lower neuronal density, and terminate mostly in the upper layers of areas with more layers, or higher cell density (Barbas 1986; Barbas and RempelClower 1997; Rempel-Clower and Barbas 2000), such as the connection from D′ to G′ (Fig. 3). In the reverse direction, projection neu ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue was then placed overnight in goat antimouse IgG conjugated with the fl ...
... probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue was then placed overnight in goat antimouse IgG conjugated with the fl ...
The Cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... The cerebellum is also divisible into three areas that have distinctive roles in different kinds of movements: the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum (Figure 42–3). The vestibulocerebellum consists of the flocculonodular lobe and is the most primitive part of the cerebellum, ...
... The cerebellum is also divisible into three areas that have distinctive roles in different kinds of movements: the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum (Figure 42–3). The vestibulocerebellum consists of the flocculonodular lobe and is the most primitive part of the cerebellum, ...
The central nervous system.
... olfactory receptor cells that project to a specific glomerulus are distributed evenly all over the olfactory mucosa and they probably terminate exclusively in one glomerulus.201 Molecular studies in the catfish Ictalurus punctatus show that a specific olfactory receptor cell has only a few receptor ...
... olfactory receptor cells that project to a specific glomerulus are distributed evenly all over the olfactory mucosa and they probably terminate exclusively in one glomerulus.201 Molecular studies in the catfish Ictalurus punctatus show that a specific olfactory receptor cell has only a few receptor ...
Neurochemical organization of chimpanzee inferior pulvinar complex
... less intense stain (PIC). Lateral to PIC was a zone of more intense staining (PIL), and lateral to PIL was a band of lighter AChE and CO stain, similar to PIL-S in macaques. Using these stains, however, Cola et al. (1999) were not able to identify in the human PI complex an area comparable to PIP of ...
... less intense stain (PIC). Lateral to PIC was a zone of more intense staining (PIL), and lateral to PIL was a band of lighter AChE and CO stain, similar to PIL-S in macaques. Using these stains, however, Cola et al. (1999) were not able to identify in the human PI complex an area comparable to PIP of ...
Retinal projection to the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali
... rotundus (nRT), it was quite large. It extended into other structures including nRT and nucleus triangularis (T). It may have also spread medially to the anterior dorsolateral thalamus pars medialis (DLM) and dorsally into the septomesencephalic tract and the nucleus superficialis parvocellularis. C ...
... rotundus (nRT), it was quite large. It extended into other structures including nRT and nucleus triangularis (T). It may have also spread medially to the anterior dorsolateral thalamus pars medialis (DLM) and dorsally into the septomesencephalic tract and the nucleus superficialis parvocellularis. C ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... 1988; Petrides, 1989; Fuster, 1989, 1993; Barbas, 1995)]. Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Bar ...
... 1988; Petrides, 1989; Fuster, 1989, 1993; Barbas, 1995)]. Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Bar ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... calcium transients associated with neuronal activity in up to hundred cells simultaneously, enabled me to examine MD-induced changes in the functional properties of each neuron independently. I found that, in general, deprived eye responses were weakened and nondeprived eye responses strengthened af ...
... calcium transients associated with neuronal activity in up to hundred cells simultaneously, enabled me to examine MD-induced changes in the functional properties of each neuron independently. I found that, in general, deprived eye responses were weakened and nondeprived eye responses strengthened af ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... and aligned in rows, which are spaced 550 pm apart in one direction (parallel to the long axis of the ovals) and 350 pm in the other. In our material, however, there were frequent irregularities in the shape of patches and their spacing, as well as occasional suggestions of cross-links spanning the ...
... and aligned in rows, which are spaced 550 pm apart in one direction (parallel to the long axis of the ovals) and 350 pm in the other. In our material, however, there were frequent irregularities in the shape of patches and their spacing, as well as occasional suggestions of cross-links spanning the ...
Early Sensory Pathways for Detection of Fearful Conditioned Stimuli
... Meredith, 1993). Thus, it is an early hub for sensorimotor integration that appears well suited to mediate active avoidance behaviors. The thalamus and the superior colliculus form two major targets of ascending somatosensory information from the trigeminal complex. An obvious question is which of t ...
... Meredith, 1993). Thus, it is an early hub for sensorimotor integration that appears well suited to mediate active avoidance behaviors. The thalamus and the superior colliculus form two major targets of ascending somatosensory information from the trigeminal complex. An obvious question is which of t ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... at the core of visually guided saccades. Although visually guided saccades are movements, and must be planned and executed like any other movement, they are both initiated by and affect visual perception. Also, saccades are intimately tied to visual attention. The ambiguity of the sensory and motor ...
... at the core of visually guided saccades. Although visually guided saccades are movements, and must be planned and executed like any other movement, they are both initiated by and affect visual perception. Also, saccades are intimately tied to visual attention. The ambiguity of the sensory and motor ...
(2007) The most superficial sublamina of rat superior colluculus
... The mammalian superior colliculus (SC) is a stratified multisensory integrative structure in which the complexity of sensory integration increases with depth. Retinal input to SC is densest in the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS), which exclusively processes visual information. The uppermost SGS s ...
... The mammalian superior colliculus (SC) is a stratified multisensory integrative structure in which the complexity of sensory integration increases with depth. Retinal input to SC is densest in the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS), which exclusively processes visual information. The uppermost SGS s ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.