Download AMSCO - Period 1 File - Northwest ISD Moodle

AMSCO Unit 1 Notes
Bones and Stones
 Size/composition
 Burnt logs
 Chipped stones
 Burial sites
 Locations
 What can we learn
from them?
Push/Pull Factors
 Climate Change (push
and pull)
 Follow the herds!
Adapting to the Environment
 Scrapers
 Animal skins
 Nets
 Rafts
 Axes
FIRE!
 Light
 Heat
 Protection
 Smoke to pacify
bees
 Help in hunting
 And don’t forget
food preparation.
Kinship Groups: Clans and Tribes
 Kinship groups (20 –
40 ppl) part of a clan
 Clans + clans + clans
=
 Tribes
 Traded with others –
goods and people to
balance size – ideas
spread
 Patriarchal Societies
Religion and Art
 Animism
 Animals, rivers,
elements of nature
embody spirits
 Flutes, cave paintings
Neolithic Revolution

Dates vary
 Characterized by

Agriculture (surplus but less diverse diet)

Selective cultivation
 Pastoralism (taming animals {dogs/goats} to





work) moved from one grazing land to
another. More socially stratified than huntergatherers. Overgrazed lands – moved on.
Spec. of labor (huge impact – social
stratification, patriarchal, forced labor, etc)
Towns and cities
Governments (needed to coordinate
resources, offer protection)
Religions (priests to supervise rel.
ceremonies to please the gods)
Technological innovations (clay pots to
carry food/water; drilling sticks to plow,
wheel with axle; adding wheels to plows;
textiles, metallurgy {copper to bronze},
irrigation techniques)
Jericho and Catal Huyuk
Catal Huyuk City Plan
Water, Water, Everywhere….

River Valley Civilizations




Egypt
India
China
Mesopotamia
Mesoamerica and the Andes – not tied to
river valleys
 REMEMBER:
 As populations grew, competition for
resources grew and led to






Greater social stratification
Specialization of labor
Increased trade
More complex govt and religion
Record keeping!
 Accumulation of wealth sparked warfare
which led to new technologies, defense
measures, and increased govt involvement.
The First Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Sumer, Babylonian Empire, Phoenicia, Hebrews
Sumerians
 Tigris and Euphrates (between the
rivers)
 Flooding, climate
 People settled, built cities, canals,
dams (many city dwellers were
farmers)
 City-states grew; wars led to stone
walls, armies, powerful kings rose
above status of priests. King seen
as direct link to god
 Prayed and made offerings to win
gods’ favor; temples, altars,
ziggurats
Sumerians continued
 Agricultural surplus
 Division of labor
 Trade
 7 person canoes
 Beads, wood, resin, lapis,
obsidian, pearls copper, ivory (SE
Africa and India)
 Wealth gap grew, social




stratification
Cuneiform (record keeping)
Achievements include: Carts,
metal plows, sundial, number
system
Epic of Gilgamesh
Few natural barriers= invasions
Babylonians
 New weapon –
compound or composite
bow (stronger, more
deadly)
 Hammurabi
 Tax system, maintained
canals, law codes to
protect rights (eye for an
eye)
 Patriarchal society,
women had some rights
 Astronomers
Phoenicians
 Present day Lebanon,
Israel, Jordan
 Traders: cedar logs,
colorful textiles, glass,
pottery
 Carthage an important
outpost
 22 letter alphabet helped
increase trade, modified
by Greeks, basis of our
alphabet
Hebrews
 Became known as Israelites, later Jews
 Hebrew Scriptures = Christian Old Testament
 Drought forced some to migrate to Egypt (Moses,
Ten Commandments)
 Monotheism
 Division and Diaspora
 Divided into two kingdoms
 Many fled; beginning of the diaspora
Africa
Ancient Egypt, Nubia, Kush, and
Axum
Four major climate zones
Ancient Egypt
 Desertification caused by declining rainfall; people settled near






Nile
Nile River – trade, flooding (irrigation canals)
Wheat, barley, papyrus (paper, baskets, sandals, etc)
Agriculture (gourds, watermelons, sorghum, donkeys, cattle)
Mining – copper for jewelry, tools
Trade spread ideas (wheel, plow, bronze-making, writing)
King Menes united Lower Egypt (north) and Upper Egypt (south)
Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom
 Strong central
government –
pharaohs (theocrats)
owned all land.
Granted some to
nobles as payment.
Challenged power,
drought, famine,
unrest, collapse.
 Pyramids built as
tombs
Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom
 Strong central govt
 Monumental architecture –
statues portraying pharaohs
as wise and caring
 Renewal in art, religion, and
literature
 Huge irrigation projects
 Expanded borders
 Hyskos invaded – horse
drawn chariots and
improved bows and arrows
Ancient Egypt – New Kingdom
 Strong govt – expand
southward
 Akhenaton – one god, Aten
 Priests opposed, struggles
weakened his power, after
death, polytheism restored
 Ramses the Great (ruled 67
years)
 Temples and statues, wealth
attracted invaders
 Hittites – iron tools and
weapons.
 Long period of decline;
repeated invasions
Overall - SPICE
 Complex social hierarchy. Rigid





class system, women had more
rights than most regions
Polytheistic; Ra, Osiris, Isis,
mummification
Long periods of unity allowed
stable culture to develop
Hieroglyphics; papyrus
Book of the Dead placed in
coffins of pharaohs and some
nobles
Technology – surveying tools,
ramps, math, engineering skills
(think pyramids), number
system, medicine.
Nubia, Kush, and Axum
 South of Egypt – each prospered through
regional trade
 Nubia – gold, ivory, incense, cattle,
animal skins, slaves. Also farmers


Mercenaries in Egyptian armies
Heavily influenced by Egypt
 Kush – conquered Egypt briefly;
important for trade with Rome, India, and
Arabia.

Slaves, ivory, gold, cattle. Mined iron ore.
Deforestation (for smelting iron) led to
decline.
 Axum – present day Ethiopia; agricultural
(wheat, barley, millet).

Trade on Red Sea; hides, ivory, slaves.
Grew rich taxing foreign trade
 Connection with Rome led to conversion
to Christianity
 In decline but strong enough to hold off
Muslims in the 7th/8th centuries
Indus Valley Civilizations
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Dravidians established two
sophisticated cities
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
 Language not deciphered
 Advanced civilization – division of labor (jewelers,
potters, architects, and artisans)
 Homes of varying sizes, toilets, urban planning
 Traded by sea and land with Sumer and Egypt
 Decline: environmental degradation? Indus river
floods? Earthquakes?
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
continued
 Aryan migrations and interactions; Hindu-Kush
 Brought first horses to India; warriors on horseback and
chariots




Clans; herders - intermarried
Barter system
Sanskrit – sacred language. Writing system developed
Vedas (knowledge)
 Rig-Veda – discussed conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan
peoples. Outlined behavior of Brahmin and responsibilities.
 Upanishads – brahma, dharma, karma, moksha




Brahma – universal soul connects all
Follow duties and deeds – dharma to escape endless cycle of rebirth
Dharma determines karma (fate)
Ultimate goal is moksha – union with brahma
 Foundational text for Hinduism
 Reflects the social structures of Ancient India
China’s First Civilizations
Xia, Shang, Zhou
Geography and Resources
 Huang He (Yellow)
River and Chiang Jiang
(Yangtze) Rivers
 Loess
 Natural defenses
 Gobi Desert and
Himalayas
 Agricultural – rice,
soybeans, millet,
chicken, pigs
 Silk –
silkworms/mulberry
trees
 Copper/jade
Early Dynasties
Shang
Xia
 Legend of Yu;
son founded
dynasty
 400 years; not
much known
 600 years
 Primarily agricultural, some skilled crafts








(pottery, jewelry from ivory and jade,
weapons, tools, wheels)
Rulers controlled bronze production
Polytheistic; gods of sun, moon, cloud,
wind
Oracle bones
Ancestor veneration began
Pictographs
Standard systems of measurement
Calendar
Music: drums, bells, stone chimes, wind
instrument
Zhou
 900 years
 First Golden Age of
China
 Mandate of Heaven
 Centralized power,
expanded
 Divided (too large to
control) w/regional
leaders
 Regional leaders
stopped sending
money, formed own
armies, weakened king
 Early concept of
feudalism
Zhou continued
 First Chinese money – copper
coins
 Iron tools
 Peasant built dikes, reservoirs,
and irrigation canals
 Iron plows – more food
 Growth of towns and cities
 Achievements: crossbow, iron
sword, mounted cavalry, iron
tools, irrigation systems
improved, roads improved
 Uprisings led to a weakened
govt
The First American Civilizations
Chavin, Olmec
Maize most important; beans, potatoes, peppers,
pumpkins, cotton, tobacco
Chavin
 South America (Peru)
 Temples (white





granite and
limestone) built with
drainage
Trade and agriculture
Llamas – meat, wool,
carried goods
Irrigation systems
Gold, silver,
metallurgy
Tied by religion, weak
political structure
Olmec
 Mesoamerica
 Influenced Maya and Aztec
 Agricultural
 Trade – jade and obsidian
 Jewelry
 Carvings of jaguars, snakes,
feathered serpents
 Calendar, number system (zero)
 Glyphs
 Ritual ball game
The Pacific Peoples - Oceania
Austronesian Speakers, Easter Island
Austronesian Speakers
 From China to Taiwan to
the Philippines to New
Guinea (lower sea
levels)
 Farmers and herders;
assimilated with existing
population
 Migrated by boat to
Polynesia – Samoa,
Hawaii, Easter Island,
Madagascar
 Double-hull canoes; took
pigs, chickens, yams, etc
Easter Island
 Clans with chief for each clan
 Statues represented ancestor-gods
 Trade (neighboring islands)
 Overpopulation, deforestation, civil unrest
Discussion Questions:
 1. Analyze continuities and changes in beliefs
systems before/after the Neolithic Revolution.
 2. C/C how people in nomadic s23ocieties and
people in the first settled societies interacted with
the environment.
 3. The Neolithic Revolution made government
more important. Discuss why and how.
 4. Plows, axles, textiles and iron were
technological innovations in early societies.
Assess the significance of each.
Map It! What was traded between:
 Mesopotamia and Egypt?
 Egypt and Nubia?
 Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley?