Download 02/19 Session 5. National Cultural Variation II: Dimensions of Culture

CULTURE AND ORGANIZATION
Ph.D. Course: 26:620:685, Spring 2007
Chao C. Chen
______________________________________________________________________________
OFFICE: MEC 303, Tel: 973-353-5425; E-mail: [email protected]
OFFICE HOURS: Monday 1:30pm-2:30pm or by appointment
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course reviews and examines theories and research on culture and how it related to
various aspects of organization and management. We will first examine conceptualizations of
culture, theoretical perspectives linking culture to behavior, methodological issues in conducting
cross-cultural research, as well as recent research on the ways in which cultures vary. We will
then examine how culture affects psychological processes and organizational behaviors including
motivation, cognition, social networking, leadership, and teams.
Course Requirements
Class Participation
Weekly Reports
Mid-term Short Paper
Final Research Proposal
15%
20%
25%
40%
Class participation (15%)
Attendance is mandatory. Participation in the class involves reading the articles, being prepared,
and making thoughtful comments in class discussions. In addition, students team up to do a book
report and take turns to play the roles of a synthesizer and a critic (in place of the weekly report)
as described below.
Session Synthesizer. This involves analyses of all the readings of a given session, and
distributing to the class (by 8am Monday) a one-page outline of your discussion points that:
 Provide an overall framework of the readings
 Compare and contrast theories or perspectives covered within a given session or between
different sessions
 Identify three or more interesting issues, ideas, or hypotheses for future research
Critic. Select one paper to conduct an in-depth critique. A one-page report is to be distributed to
the class (by 8am Monday). In the critique, you should go beyond a mere summary but identify
what you regard as specific strengths and weaknesses of the paper. For an empirical paper,
comment on theory development, methodology, findings, and/or implications. Some basic
questions include: what does the paper add to the literature? Does it offer convincing rationales
for the hypotheses? How confident are you in validity of the findings? Might boundary
conditions exist? What additional questions can be generated and explored for future research?
Book Report. Two or three students (preferably for different cultural background) form a team to
do a 2-3 pages book report on one of the books listed at the end of the syllabus. In your report,
present the guiding theoretical framework of the book, assess its impact (contributions or
limitations) on cross-cultural research, and propose new research ideas that can be derived from
the book. Session 7 is scheduled for book report presentations.
Weekly Reports (20%)
Each week, students write a 2-page report of the readings. The first page is a summary of the key
points of all of the assigned readings. The second page is an in-depth critique of an article of your
choice (See directions about the critique in the above section of Critic). The reports should be
submitted by 8am Monday through email.
Mid-term Short Paper (25%)
In this paper (around 6 double-spaced pages), you are to develop a research idea that may be
inspired by the course readings but require additional literature review. The write-up should
include a concise statement of the research idea and hypotheses associated with it. Your write-up
should outline the logic behind the idea and the hypotheses. The idea should be a new one for
you – something that is not immediately obvious, something that might be worth investigating
empirically. You are welcome to consult with me as you try to develop your research ideas.
Research Proposal (40%)
The final paper is a research proposal in no more than 15 double-spaced pages of text (excluding
References) due in the last sessions of the class. In the proposal, you should provide a literature
review of the related work to date, construct a theoretical model consisting of hypotheses, and
methodology to be used for testing the hypotheses (for the format, use AMJ publications as
examples). For the proposal to benefit from the knowledge of every one in the class, each student
will present the proposal and lead a discussion on his or her proposal.
It is important that you appropriately cite all references within the text of your proposal, as well
as including a reference list at the conclusion of your paper. Sentences that are paraphrased and
ideas that are adopted from another work must be appropriately cited. If you are including a
sentence or passage verbatim from another work (published or unpublished), you must indicate
this with the appropriate quotation marks and citation. Failure to do so may lead to suspicion of
plagiarism or even disciplinary actions.
Topics and Assigned Readings
01/22
Session 1. Introduction
01/29
Session 2. Theoretical Issues
1. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. Chapters 1 and 2. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
2. Trice & Beyer, Chapter 1
3. Schein, Chapters 1 and 2
4. Lonner, W. & Adamopolous, J. (1997). Culture as an antecedent to behavior. In J. W.
Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandy (Eds.) Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology.
Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. *Read pages 44-54 and pages 64-67.
5. Berry, J. (2000). Cross-cultural psychology: A symbiosis of cultural and comparative
approaches. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 197-205.
02/05 Session 3. Methodological Issues
1. Betancourt, H., & Lopez, S. R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in
American Psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629-637.
2. Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., & Holcombe Erhart, K. (in press). Methodological issues in
cross-cultural organizational research. In S. Rogelberg (Ed) Handbook of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology Research Methods. New York: Blackwell.
3. Leung, K. (1989). Cross-cultural differences: Individual level vs. culture-level analysis.
International Journal of Psychology, 24, 703-719.
4. Peng, K., Nisbett, R., & Wong, N. (1997) Validity problems comparing values across
cultures and possible solutions. Psychological Methods, 2, 329-344.
5. Church & Katigbak (1988). The emic strategy in the identification and assessment of
personality dimensions in a non-Western culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
19, 140-163.
6. Morris et al. 1999. Views from inside and outside: Intergrating emic and etic insights
about culture and justice judgment, AMR: 781-796.
02/12 Session 4 National Cultural Variation I: Dimensions of Culture
1. Hofstede (1991/1980). Culture and Organizations. Chapters 2 (More equal than others)
and 3 (I, We, and They).
2. Brewer and Chen (in press). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism.
3. Chen, Y.R., Brockner, J. & Katz, T. 1998. Toward an explanation of cultural differences
in in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: 1496-1502.
4. Chen, C. C., Meindl, J.R., & Hunt, R. 1997. Testing the effects of vertical and horizontal
collectivism, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28 (1): 44-70.
5. Earley, P.C. 1989. Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the U.S. and the
People’s Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 565-581.
6. Vandello, J. & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the
United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 279-292.
7. Culture and Self: Are There Within-Culture Differences in Self. Kashima et al. Pers Soc
Psychol Bull.2004; 30: 816-823
02/19
Session 5. National Cultural Variation II: Dimensions of Culture
1. Schwartz, S. H. 1994. Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of
values. In U. Kim et al. (Eds.) Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and
applications: 85-119.
2. Hofstede (1980). Culture and Organizations. Chapters 4 and 5.
3. Chinese Culture Connection (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free
dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-164.
4. Gelfand et al in press. On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.
(Have)
5. Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S. C. 1997. Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of
justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 42: 421-444.
6. Network paper under review
02/26
Session 6. Culture, Systems, and Practices
1. Gelfand, M. J. & Erez, M., A (forthcoming). Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior,
Chapter 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Kanungo, R.N., Aycan, Z., & Sinha, J.B.P. (1999). Organizational culture and human
resource management practices: The model of culture fit. Journal of Cross-cultural
Psychology, 30(4), 501-526.
3. Leung, K. Bhagat R.S., Buchan NR, Erez, M, Gibson, CB, 2005. Culture and
international business. Recent advances and their implications for future research.
Journal of International Business Studies, 36: 357-78
4.
Swidler, A. 1986 Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. American Sociological
Review, 51 (April): 273-286.
5.
Kitayama, S. 2002. Culture and basic psychological processes: Toward a system view
of culture. Psych. Bull., 128, 189-196.
6.
Chen, C. (1995). New trends in rewards allocation preferences: A Sino-US comparison.
Academy of Management Journal, 38:408-428.
03/05
Session 7. Book reports
03/12
Spring Break
03/19
Session 8. Culture and Cognition
1. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition,
emotion, & motivation. Psychological Review, 98. Read pages 224-235.
2. Morris, M. W., & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese
attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 67, 949-971.
3. Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures:
Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 47-63.
4. Nisbett, R. & Peng, K. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus
analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-211.
5. Hong, Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multi-cultural
minds: A constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist,
55, 709-720.
6. Menon et al. 1999. Culture and construal of agency: Attribution to individual vs.
group dispositions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology: (76) 701-717.
7. Morris, M.W. & Fu, H.Y (2001). How does culture influence conflict resolution? A
dynamic constructivist analysis. Social Cognition, 19 (3), 324-349.
8. Friedman et al. in press. Causal Attribution for Inter-firm Contract Violation: A
Comparative Study of Chinese and American Commercial Arbitrators. Journal of
Applied Psychology.
03/26 Session 9. Organizational Culture
1. Jones, 1983. Transaction costs and organizational culture. ASQ: 454-467
2. O’Reilly et al. 1991. People and organizational culture AMJ: 487-516
3. Chatman & Spataro 2006. Responsiveness to organizational culture. AMJ: 321-331.
4. Marcoulides & Heck, 1993. Org culture and performance. OS: 209-216.
5. Chatman & Barsade, 1995. Personality, org. culture and cooperation. ASQ: 423-443
6. Fey & Denison, 2003. Organizational culture and effectiveness in Russia, ASQ: 686706.
7. Hofstede et al. 1990. Measuring organizational culture, ASQ: 286-316.
8. Selmer & de Leon, 2002. Parent cultural control of foreign subsidiaries through
organizational acculturation: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Human
resources Management: 1147-1165.
04/02 Session 10. Culture and Leadership
1. House and GLOBE. (1999). Cultural influences on leadership and organizations.
Project GLOBE. Advances in Global Leadership, 1, 171-233.
2. House and GLOBE (2004). A non-technical summary of GLOBE findings. In R.
House et al. (Eds.) Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of
leadership in 62 nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Graen, 2006. In the eye of the beholder: Cross-cultural lessons in leadership.
Academy of Management Perspectives, 95-101.
4. A failure of scholarship: Response to George Graen’s critique of GLOBE. House and
colleagues. Academy of Management Perspectives, 102-114.
5. Hanges, P., Dickson, M., & Lord, R. (2000). An information-processing perspective
on leadership and culture: A case for connectionist architecture. Applied Psychology:
An International Review, 49, 133-161.
6. Smith, P. B., Misumi, J., Tayeb, M., Peterson, M., & Bond, M. H. (1989). On the
generality of leadership style measures across cultures. Journal of Occupational
Psychology, 62, 97-109.
7. Nishii, L. N., Gelfand, M. J., and colleagues (2006). Holistic and Analytic Cognition
and the Structure of Leadership Schemas: A Four-Country Comparison.
8. Graen & Wakabayashi 1990. Cross-cultural leadership making. In H. Triandis,
Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: Volume 4: 415-446.
04/09
Session 11. Culture and Teams
1. Janssens, M. & Brett, J. M. (in press). Fusion collaboration in global teams. Group and
Organization Management.
2. Behfar, K., Kern, M., & Brett, J. M. (2005). Challenges in Managing Multicultural
Teams (Have)
3. Cramton, C. D. & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed
teams: Ethnocentrism or cross-national learning? Research in Organizational Behavior,
26: 231-263.
4. Gibson, C. & Zellmer-Bruhn, M. (2001). Metaphors and meaning: An intercultural
analysis of the concept of teamwork. Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 46, 2.
5. Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creative hybrid team cultures: An empirical
test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1, 26-49.
6. Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (1997). The impact of cultural values on employee
resistance to teams: Toward a model of globalized self-managing work team
effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 22, 3, 730-757.
7. Yamagishi, T. (1988). Exit from the group as an individualistic solution to the free
rider problem in the U.S. and Japan. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 6.
04/16
Session 12. Culture and Social Networks
1. Morris, M. W., Podolny, J., & Ariel, S. (2000). Missing relations: Incorporating
relational constructs into models of culture. In P. C. Earley & H. Singh (Eds.)
Innovations in International and Cross-Cultural Management (pp. 52-90). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Bian, Y., & Ang, S. (1997). Guanxi networks and job mobility in China and Singapore.
Social Forces, 75, 981-1005.
3. Wang, X. & Kanungo, R. N. (2004). Nationality, social network, and psychological
well-being: Expatriates in China. International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 15, 775-793.
4. Chen, C.C., Chen, Y.R., & Xin, K. 2004. Guanxi practices and trust in management: A
procedural justice perspective. Organization Science, 15 (2): 200-209.
5. Salk, J. E., & Brannen, M. Y. (2000). National culture, networks, and individual
influence in a multinational management team. Academy of Management Journal, 48,
191-202.
6. Yamagishi, T., & Yamagishi, M. (1994). Trust and commitment in the United States
and Japan. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 129-165.
04/23
Session 13. Presentation
04/30
Session 14. Presentation
Books On Reserve in the Dana Library
1. Geert Hofstede, 1991/1980. Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company.
2. Triandis, H.C. 1995. Individualism & Collectivism. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
3. Schein, E.H. 1992. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass
4. Trice, H.M. & Beyer, J.M. 1993. The Cultures of Work Organizations. Englewood Cliff, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
5. de Tocqueville, A. 1969. Democracy in America. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press. Original
work published 1835
6. Fisk, A.P. 1991. Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations. New
York: Free Press.
7. Weber, M. 1958. The protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism, New York.
8. Parsons, T. & Shils, E.A. 1951. Toward a general theory of action.