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Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Course: Unit 3 : 01.469 Fruit and Vegetable Production Recognizing Plant Propagation Techniques Related to Fruit, Nut, and Vegetable Production Lesson 3: Demonstrating Plant Propagation Techniques Utilized in Fruit, Nut, and Vegetable Production. QCC: ................................................................................................................ 18, 119, 440, 353 Objectives: 1. Describe the sexual and asexual growth cycles of plants. 2. Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of sexual or seed propagation. 3. Describe methods of maintaining genetically pure seed. 4. Demonstrate methods of harvesting and processing seeds. 5. Recognize factors that affect seed storage. 6. Describe regulations that govern seed testing. 7. Describe the process and types of seed propagation. 8. Demonstrate methods of seed propagation. 9. Identify methods of controlling diseases during germination. 10. Explain asexual or vegetative propagation and its advantages. 11. Identify stem cuttings, leaf-bud cuttings, leaf cuttings, and root cuttings. 12. Recognize the asexual propagation methods of layering, separation and division, budding and grafting, tissue culture. 13. Propagate fruit, nut, and vegetable plants using sexual and asexual propagation techniques. Teaching Time: Classroom: 5 hours Laboratory: References: Instructional Materials Service (1998), Agriscience 364: Fruit, nut, and vegetable production 8459-E, 8970-A, 8970-B. Additional References: Swaider, J.M., & Ware, G.W. Producing vegetable crops, 5th, Interstate Course: 01.469 Fruit and Vegetable Production Revised May 2007 Unit 3, Lesson 3 1 Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Publishing, Inc. Danville, IL, 2002 Maynard, D.N. & Hochmuth, G.J. Knott’s handbook for vegetable growers, 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1997 Materials and Equipment: IMS Pamphlet 8459-E, 8970-A, 8970-B Topic Test 8459-A, 8970-A, 8970-B TEACHING PROCEDURE Introduction and Mental Set Growers of fruits, nuts, and vegetables produce many different varieties of crops. Growers must be familiar with plant propagation techniques in order to start new plants and develop new varieties. Discussion 1. Discuss sexual or seed propagation. A. Seeds result from the pollination and fertilization of flowers or cones. B. There are two types of pollination. 1. When pollen produced by a plant fertilizes the egg of an ovule on that same plant, the process is called self-pollination. 2. When pollen produced by a plant fertilizes the egg of an ovule on a different plant, the process is called cross-pollination. C. Discuss the advantages of seed propagation. 2. Discuss asexual or vegetative propagation. A. Asexual propagation results from creating new plants form vegetative parts of existing plants. B. The vegetative parts used may include leaves, stems, roots, and specialized plant structures. C. Discuss the advantages of vegetative propagation. D. Discuss the methods of asexual propagation. 1. Cuttings. a. Stem cuttings. b. Tip cuttings. c. Leaf cuttings. d. Root cuttings. 2. Layering. 3. Separation and division. 4. Grafting and Budding. 5. Tissue culture. Course: 01.469 Fruit and Vegetable Production Revised May 2007 Unit 3, Lesson 3 2 Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum 3. Discuss the principles of seed propagation. A. Strict control of production factors is important when producing seed used for propagation. B. Plants have sexual and asexual growth cycles. 1. The sexual cycle has three phases. a. The embryo phase takes place from the time that the male and female gametes unit (fertilization) until the seed develops. b. The juvenile phase begins when the seed germinates and continues until the plant is mature enough to produce flowers and seed.. c. After producing seed the plant enters the adult phase. 2. The asexual cycle has two phases. a. In the vegetative phase growth and development of the bud, root, and stem takes place. b. In the reproductive phase flower buds develop and produce flowers, fruits, and seeds. C. Maintaining genetically pure seed. 1. Seed used for crops must be genetically pure in order to insure consistent growth characteristics. 2. Pollination must be controlled. a. Self-pollinating varieties maintain genetic purity. b. Cross-pollination must be strictly controlled to limit variation. c. Apomixis is the production of seed without fertilization. 3. Plants that are grown to produce seed used for propagation must be grown in isolation. a. Self-pollinating plants require little isolation. b. Cross-pollinating plants require separation of varieties to insure genetically pure seed. Distance between varieties varies. c. Roguing is the removal of plants that are not true-to-type before pollination occurs. D. Factors and processes in harvesting and processing seeds. 1. Maturity is reached when the seed can be removed from the plant without impairing the germination of the seed. 2. Harvesting of the seed is determined by the type of fruit surrounding the seed. a. Type 1 fruits shatter (dehisc) at maturity. These seeds must be harvested before ripening and the seed is removed mechanically. b. Type 2 fruits do not shatter and the seed is harvested at maturity. Seeds are naturally dried or placed in drying ovens to reduce moisture content. c. Type 3 fruits have fleshy fruits surrounding the seed (tomato or cucumber). The seeds are removed by scooping them out or Course: 01.469 Fruit and Vegetable Production Revised May 2007 Unit 3, Lesson 3 3 Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum macerating the fruit (removing the seeds by floatation, screening, or fermentation). E. Storage of vegetable seed. 1. Viability of seed is dependent on three factors. a. The original viability of the seed. b. The kind of seed. c. The environmental storage conditions. 2. Factors affecting seed viability during storage. a. Relative humidity. b. Temperature. 3. Types of storage. a. Open storage without moisture or temperature control. b. Warm storage with humidity control. c. Cold storage with or without humidity control. d. Cold moist storage. F. Seed testing is required by U.S. law for seed sold to produce crops. 1. Criteria of quality seeds. a. Must be true to type. b. Yield high germination percentages. c. Free of disease and insects. d. Free from dirt, chaff, and weed seeds. 2. The Federal Seed Act controls seed sold across state lines. 3. The Seed Certification Program protects the genetic quality of seed cultivars. 4. Several types of seed testing are used. a. Testing for purity determines the number of pure seed per pound. b. Testing for viability determines the number of seed that are capable of growth and development. G. Seed dormancy must be broken for germination to occur. 1. Most seeds require a period of dormancy before they will germinate. 2. There are two types of dormancy. a. Quiescence is a form of dormancy due to factors outside the seed (environmental factors). b. Rest is a dormancy caused by internal or physiological factors. c. Scarification is the process of breaking or softening the seed coat in order to overcome dormancy. d. Stratification is the process of breaking dormancy by placing the seed in cold (35-40 F), moist conditions for a period of time. Course: 01.469 Fruit and Vegetable Production Revised May 2007 Unit 3, Lesson 3 4 Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum 4. Discuss the factors involved in propagating plants by seed. A. Factors affecting seed germination. 1. Moisture 2. Oxygen 3. Temperature 4. Light B. Discuss the types of germination. 1. Epigenous. 2. Hypogenous. 5. Discuss propagation supplies and techniques. A. Determine the number of plants needed. B. Determine the type of container for bedding plants. 1. Peat containers 2. Molded fiber containers. 3. Plastic containers. C. Factors in selecting growing media. D. Techniques for planting seeds. E. Techniques for transplanting seedlings. F. Procedures for hardening plants. 6. Discuss disease control during germination. A. Eliminating pathogens. B. Sanitation Course: 01.469 Fruit and Vegetable Production Revised May 2007 Unit 3, Lesson 3 5 Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum SUMMARY Review important points: What is asexual propagation? Why do seed producers isolate plants? What is the viability? What are tow types of dormancy? What environmental factors affect germination? Evaluation Topic Test Course: 01.469 8459-A, 8970-A, 8970-B Fruit and Vegetable Production Revised May 2007 Unit 3, Lesson 3 6 Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Course: 01.469 Fruit and Vegetable Production Revised May 2007 Unit 3, Lesson 3 7