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Exam 2
BIOL 221
1. The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modernday members of which group?
A) green algae
B) red algae
C) charophytes
D) brown algae
E) angiosperms
2. Which of these is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts?
A) a species' gene frequency
B) a population's gene frequency
C) an individual's genome
D) an individual's genotype
E) an individual's phenotype
3. In a moss, which generation of the life cycle is dominant?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Rhizoid
Sporangium
Bumphyte
4. What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's
development?
1. gastrulation
2. metamorphosis
3. fertilization
4. cleavage
A) 4  3  2  1
B) 4  3  1  2
C) 3  2  4  1
D) 3  4  2  1
E) 3  4  1  2
5. Which of the following terms or structures is properly associated only with animals?
A) Hox genes
B) cell wall
C) autotrophy
D) sexual reproduction
E) chitin
6. Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species
concept, is (are) correct?
I.
II.
III.
Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation.
Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful
reproduction is possible.
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and III
D) II and III
E) I, II, and III
7. Cephalization is most closely associated with which of the following?
A) sedentary lifestyle
B) concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end
C) predators, but not prey
D) a backbone
E) a sessile existence
8. A number of characteristics are very similar between charophytes and members of the
kingdom Plantae. Of the following, which characteristic does not provide
evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two groups?
A) alternation of generations
B) cellulose synthesis complex
C) cell plate (phragmoplast) formation during cytokinesis
D) sperm cell structure
E) peroxisome enzymes
9. Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
A) cells that have chloroplasts
B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin
C) nervous conduction and muscular movement
D) autotrophy
E) both A and C
10. What is the chromosomal status of the fern sporophyte?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
haploid
diploid
triploid
tetraploid
polyploid
11. Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of
A) mass extinction
B) evolutionary stasis
C) adaptive radiation
D) A and B only
12. Which of these is the smallest unit that evolves?
A) a species
B) a population
C) an individual organism
D) A and C
E) None of these
13. The following are all adaptations to life on land except
A) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
B) cuticles
C) tracheids
D) reduced gametophyte generation
E) seeds
14. Through what type of division does a moss gametophyte create gametes?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
mitosis
meiosis
binary fission
parthenogenesis
none of the above
15. What is generally true of two very closely related species that have diverged from
each other quite recently?
A) They shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time
B) Genes are unable to pass from one species' gene pool to the other's gene pool
C) They are unable to produce hybrid offspring upon interbreeding
D) Their reproductive isolation from each other is complete
16. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a
A) unicellular chytrid
B) unicellular yeast
C) plant
D) multicellular fungus
E) Choanoflagellate
17. Which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to
become better suited to their environments over the course of generations?
A) Mutation
B) Non-random mating
C) Gene flow
D) Natural selection
E) Genetic drift
18. Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except
A) multicellularity
B) specialized cells and tissues
C) lignified vascular tissue
D) walled spores in sporangia
E) a reduced, dependent sporophyte
19. The female reproductive gametangia of a liverwort (marchantia) is…?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
archegonium
antheridium
sporangium
thallus
gemmae cup
20. A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear
identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the
woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the
woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations as
two separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely
utilizing?
A) ecological species concept
B) biological species concept
C) morphological species concept
D) phylogenetic species concept
21. Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?
A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
D) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
22. Plant spores are produced directly by
A) sporangia
B) gametes
C) gametophytes
D) gametangia
E) seeds
For Questions 23 and 24…
Several closely related frog species of the genus Rana are found in the forests of the
southeastern United States. The species boundaries are maintained by reproductive
barriers. In each case, match the various descriptions of frogs below with the appropriate
reproductive barrier listed.
23. Males of one species sing only when its predators are absent; males of another species
sing only when its predators are present.
A) behavioral
B) gametic
C) habitat
D) temporal
E) mechanical
24. Males of one species are too small to perform amplexus (an action that stimulates
ovulation) with females of all other species.
A) behavioral
B) gametic
C) habitat
D) temporal
E) mechanical
25. What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
there is no net migration (immigration equals emigration)
sexual selection is occurring
allele frequencies are relatively unchanging
the population is evolving
the population is not growing
26. Each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small
populations than in large populations, but which one most consistently requires a
small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
A) Mutation
B) Non-random mating
C) Genetic drift
D) Natural selection
E) Gene flow
27. You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or
muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a
A) flatworm
B) sea star
C) comb jelly
D) sponge
E) nematode
28. A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis, such as a decrease in the size of
plants on the slopes of mountains as altitude increases is an example of
A) a cline
B) a bottleneck
C) relative fitness
D) genetic drift
29. Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures
that develop after germination?
1. embryo
2. gametes
3. sporophyte
4. protonema
5. gametophore
A) 4 1  3  5  2
B) 4  3  5  2  1
C) 4  5  2  1  3
D) 3  4  5  2  1
E) 3  1  4  5  2
30. What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that
coelomates
A) have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body
B) contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no
such tissue
C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas
pseudocoelomates do not
D) have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas
pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening
31. Which are parts of the five criteria for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibrium?
A)
B)
C)
D)
the population must be small, and mating must be random
the population must be extremely large, and there must be gene flow
natural selection must be occurring, and mating must be random
there may be no net mutation, and the population must be extremely large
32. A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is
A) the appearance of new species in the midst (same location) of old ones
B) asexually reproducing populations
C) geographic isolation
D) artificial selection
E) large populations
33. In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the
gametophyte for nutrition?
A) fern
B) bryophyte
C) horsetail (Equisetum)
D) A and C
E) A, B, and C
34. The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing
embryo, a cavity that is known as the
A) archenteron
B) blastula
C) coelom
D) germ layer
E) blastocoel
35. A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing
its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated
sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations
with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely
related to
A) mosses
B) charophytes
C) ferns
D) gymnosperms
E) flowering plants
36. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a
number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a
recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding
program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with
heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants.
What is the estimated frequency of allele A in the gene pool?
A) 0.05
B) 0.25
C) 0.50
D) 0.75
E) 1.00
Use the figure below to answer 37 and 38.
37. A common ancestor for both species C and E could be at position number
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
38. What pair of species are most closely related?
A) A and B
B) A and E
C) B and C
D) C and D
E) None of the above
39. A hybrid zone is properly defined as
A) an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap
B) an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species,
producing fully viable offspring
C) a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two
neighboring ecosystems border each other
D) a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline
40. In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an
isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering
plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this
population?
A) 0.36
B) 0.60
C) 0.64
D) 0.75
E) 0.80
41. Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the
Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting
other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of
reproductive isolation does this represent?
A) habitat isolation
B) temporal isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) gametic isolation
E) postzygotic barrier
42. Species A-E have the following nucleotide percent differences (divergence) from
out-group species X. Which species is least related to species X?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
12%
22%
8%
31%
12%
43. The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during
A) fertilization
B) gastrulation
C) the eight-cell stage of the embryo
D) coelom formation
E) cleavage
44. When allele frequency p is 0.42, the allele frequency q must be?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
0.42
0.58
1.00
0.00
there is not enough information
45. The number of legs an insect has, the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or
the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by
A) haploid genomes
B) introns within genes
C) heterotic genes
D) heterogeneous genes
E) Hox genes
46. What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans?
A) the deuterostome condition
B) some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering
C) a pseudocoelom
D) agile, speedy, and powerful locomotion
E) the diploblastic condition
47. Acoelomates are characterized by
A) the absence of ectoderm
B) the absence of mesoderm
C) deuterostome development
D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm
E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs
48. The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the
absence versus the presence of
A) a body cavity
B) a complete digestive tract
C) a circulatory system
D) symmetry
E) mesoderm
49. At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome
embryo from a deuterostome embryo?
A) fertilization
B) cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) coelom formation
E) metamorphosis
50. The DNA polymerases of all cellular organisms have proofreading capability. This
capability tends to reduce the introduction of
A) extra genes by gene duplication events.
B) chromosomal translocation.
C) genetic variation by mutations.
D) proofreading capability into prokaryotes
Bonus: (4 pts)
On the back of your scan-tron, describe the life cycle of a moss. Include a diagram
showing the stages involved. (Your entire answer may be a diagram, if complete and
legible!)