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Exam 2 BIOL 221 1. The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modernday members of which group? A) green algae B) red algae C) charophytes D) brown algae E) angiosperms 2. Which of these is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts? A) a species' gene frequency B) a population's gene frequency C) an individual's genome D) an individual's genotype E) an individual's phenotype 3. In a moss, which generation of the life cycle is dominant? A) B) C) D) E) Sporophyte Gametophyte Rhizoid Sporangium Bumphyte 4. What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's development? 1. gastrulation 2. metamorphosis 3. fertilization 4. cleavage A) 4 3 2 1 B) 4 3 1 2 C) 3 2 4 1 D) 3 4 2 1 E) 3 4 1 2 5. Which of the following terms or structures is properly associated only with animals? A) Hox genes B) cell wall C) autotrophy D) sexual reproduction E) chitin 6. Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. II. III. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful reproduction is possible. A) I only B) II only C) I and III D) II and III E) I, II, and III 7. Cephalization is most closely associated with which of the following? A) sedentary lifestyle B) concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end C) predators, but not prey D) a backbone E) a sessile existence 8. A number of characteristics are very similar between charophytes and members of the kingdom Plantae. Of the following, which characteristic does not provide evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two groups? A) alternation of generations B) chloroplast structure C) cell plate formation during cytokinesis D) sperm cell structure E) ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences 9. Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) both A and C 10. What is the chromosomal status of the fern sporophyte? A) B) C) D) E) haploid diploid triploid tetraploid polyploid 11. Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of A) mass extinction. B) evolutionary stasis. C) adaptive radiation. D) A and B only 12. Which of these is the smallest unit that natural selection can change? A) a species' gene frequency B) a population's gene frequency C) an individual's genome D) an individual's genotype E) an individual's phenotype 13. The following are all adaptations to life on land except A) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes B) cuticles C) tracheids D) reduced gametophyte generation E) seeds 14. Through what type of division does a moss gametophyte create gametes? A) B) C) D) E) mitosis meiosis binary fission parthenogenesis none of the above 15. What is generally true of two very closely related species that have diverged from each other quite recently? A) They shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time. B) Genes are unable to pass from one species' gene pool to the other's gene pool. C) They are unable to produce hybrid offspring upon interbreeding. D) Their reproductive isolation from each other is complete. 16. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a A) unicellular chytrid. B) unicellular yeast. C) plant. D) multicellular fungus. E) Choanoflagellate 17. Which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environments over the course of generations? A) Mutation B) Non-random mating C) Gene flow D) Natural selection E) Genetic drift 18. Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except A) multicellularity. B) specialized cells and tissues. C) lignified vascular tissue. D) walled spores in sporangia. E) a reduced, dependent sporophyte 19. The female reproductive gametangia of a liverwort (marchantia) is…? A) B) C) D) E) archegonium antheridium sporangium thallus gemmae cup 20. A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations as two separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely utilizing? A) ecological B) biological C) morphological D) phylogenetic 21. Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes? A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus D) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth 22. Plant spores are produced directly by A) sporophytes. B) gametes. C) gametophytes. D) gametangia. E) seeds. For Questions 23 and 24… Several closely related frog species of the genus Rana are found in the forests of the southeastern United States. The species boundaries are maintained by reproductive barriers. In each case, match the various descriptions of frogs below with the appropriate reproductive barrier listed. 23. Males of one species sing only when its predators are absent; males of another species sing only when its predators are present. A) behavioral B) gametic C) habitat D) temporal E) mechanical 24. Males of one species are too small to perform amplexus (an action that stimulates ovulation) with females of all other species. A) behavioral B) gametic C) habitat D) temporal E) mechanical 25. What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A) B) C) D) E) there is no net migration (immigration equals emigration) sexual selection is occurring allele frequencies are relatively unchanging the population is evolving the population is not growing 26. Each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, but which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? A) Mutation B) Non-random mating C) Genetic drift D) Natural selection E) Gene flow 27. You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a A) flatworm. B) jelly. C) comb jelly. D) sponge. E) nematode. 28. A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis, such as a decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitude increases is an example of A) a cline B) a bottleneck C) relative fitness D) genetic drift 29. Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore A) 4 1 3 5 2 B) 4 3 5 2 1 C) 4 5 2 1 3 D) 3 4 5 2 1 E) 3 1 4 5 2 30. What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates A) have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. B) contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue. C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. D) have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. E) have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place. 31. Which are parts of the five criteria for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? A) B) C) D) the population must be small, and mating must be random the population must be extremely large, and there must be gene flow natural selection must be occurring, and mating must be random there may be no net mutation, and the population must be extremely large 32. A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is A) the appearance of new species in the midst of old ones B) asexually reproducing populations C) geographic isolation D) artificial selection E) large populations 33. In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? A) fern B) bryophyte C) horsetail (Equisetum) D) A and C E) A, B, and C 34. The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the A) archenteron B) blastula C) coelom D) germ layer E) blastocoel 35. A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to A) mosses B) charophytes C) ferns D) gymnosperms E) flowering plants 36. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What is the estimated frequency of allele A in the gene pool? A) 0.05 B) 0.25 C) 0.50 D) 0.75 E) 1.00 Use the figure below to answer 37 and 38. 37. A common ancestor for both species C and E could be at position number A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4. E) 5. 38. What pair of species are most closely related? A) A and B B) A and E C) B and C D) C and D E) None of the above 39. A hybrid zone is properly defined as A) an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. B) an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. C) a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. D) a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. E) an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow. 40. In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population? A) 0.36 B) 0.60 C) 0.64 D) 0.75 E) 0.80 41. Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? A) habitat isolation B) temporal isolation C) behavioral isolation D) gametic isolation E) postzygotic barrier 42. Species A-E have the following nucleotide percent differences (divergence) from out-group species X. Which species is least related to species X? A) B) C) D) E) 12% 22% 8% 31% 12% 43. The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during A) fertilization B) gastrulation C) the eight-cell stage of the embryo D) coelom formation E) cleavage 44. When allele frequency p is 0.42, the allele frequency q must be? A) B) C) D) E) 0.42 0.58 1.00 0.00 there is not enough information 45. The number of legs an insect has, the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by A) haploid genomes B) introns within genes C) heterotic genes D) heterogeneous genes E) Hox genes 46. What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans? A) the deuterostome condition B) some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering C) a pseudocoelom D) agile, speedy, and powerful locomotion E) the diploblastic condition 47. Acoelomates are characterized by A) the absence of a brain B) the absence of mesoderm C) deuterostome development D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs 48. The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of A) a body cavity B) a complete digestive tract C) a circulatory system D) true tissues E) mesoderm 49. At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) metamorphosis 50. Which of the following is a correct association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise? A) ectoderm: outer covering of digestive system B) endoderm: internal lining of blood vessels C) mesoderm: central nervous system D) mesoderm: skin E) endoderm: linings of liver passageways and lung passageways Bonus: (4 pts) On the back of your scan-tron, describe the life cycle of a moss. Include a diagram showing the stages involved. (Your entire answer may be a diagram, if complete and legible!)