Download Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family

Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 1
Table S2. Fossils (sorted by age) used as constraints in this study or discussed in the main text.
Taxon
Type of fossil
Affinity as stated in original paper; our notes
Location
Geological
stratum;
Age
Early Aptian
125 Ma or
somewhat
younger
Monocots
Pollen
Trent’s Reach,
Virginia, Potomac
Group, USA
Mayoa portugallica
Pollen
Liliacidites, earliest monocot pollen (125 Ma):
"The two unequivocal synapomorphies linking
Liliacidites with monocots as a whole are boat-shaped
pollen (33) and liliaceous grading of the reticulum
(39)." (Doyle et al., 2008: 66)
Estimated ages for Monocot crown:
Smith et al., 2010: 156 Ma (139–167 Ma) with
eudicot calibration.
Bell et al., 2010: 130 Ma (123–138 Ma) with
exponential prior.
Araceae, possibly Monsteroideae;
The exine structure is “rarely columellae-like” (Friis
et al., 2004: 16566), raising the possibility that the
grain might be from a gymnosperm
Torres Vedras,
Figueira da Foz
Formation,
Portugal
Aptian – early
Albian
125 or 112 Ma
Unpublished aroid,
Crato Formation
Leaf
Crato Formation,
Brazil
Late Aptian,
115 Ma
Araceae fossil A
Inflorescence
fragments,
in situ pollen
Basal Araceae, possibly Orontioideae
(personal communication from J. Bogner, B. Mohr,
and C. Coiffard, 30 May 2011)
"All characters of the new fossil strongly support a
close relationship with the true aroids, subfamily
Aroideae, which are characterized by their unisexual,
perianth-less flowers (Cabrera et al., 2008)." (p. 376)
Vila Verde,
Figueira da Foz
Formation,
Portugal
Late Aptian to
early Albian
112 Ma
Araceae fossil B
Inflorescence
with flowers,
in situ pollen
Araceae; “The characters of this fossil indicate a
phylogenetic relationship to subfamily Pothoideae.”
(p. 376)
Vila Verde,
Figueira da Foz
Formation,
Portugal
Late Aptian –
early Albian
112 Ma
Albertarum pueri
Infructescence
"The fossil is referred to the subfamily Orontioideae” Horseshoe Canyon Late
(p. 593)
Formation,
Campanian
Southern Alberta, 72 Ma
Cananda
Divergence Biogeographic
dating:
analysis: Node;
Node; Age
Area, Age
Node #0
(root);
125–139 Ma
(normal
distribution:
mean 132,
stdev. 4.25)
Reference
Doyle, 1992;
Doyle et al.,
2008; Bell et
al., 2010;
Smith et al.,
2010
Friis et al.,
2004, 2006,
2010;
Heimhofer et
al., 2007;
C. Coiffard &
B. Mohr, 1 Sep
2011
Friis et al.,
2010
Friis et al.,
2010
Node #3;
72 Ma
Node #f1;
Bogner et al.,
North America; 2005
72 Ma
Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 2
Lysichiton austriacus Leaf
Lasioideaecidites
hessei
Pollen
Rhodospathodendron Axis
tomlinsonii
Orontium mackii
Symplocarpus
hoffmaniae
Cobbania corrugata
(Pistia corrugata)
Leaf
"This species is undoubtedly another Late Cretaceous
representative of the subfamily Orontioideae. The
venation pattern is a good match for that of Lysichiton
(Figs 19–20) in having simple pinnate primary lateral
veins that are connected with regular quadrangular
meshes of transverse reticulate higher-order
venation…” (p. 142)
“Lasioideaecidites hessei and Lasioideaecidites
bogneri, represents the earliest record of the
subfamily Lasioideae (Araceae).” (p. 170)
"The two taxa of the newly described fossil genus
Lasioideaecidites, i.e. Lasioideaecidites hessei (with
no comparable extant genus) and L. bogneri
(resembles the genus Cyrtosperma), were affiliated to
the primitive subfamily Lasioideae because it is the
only angiosperm group that has a characteristic
thickening of endexinous/nexine material in the
sulcus area on the distal side of the pollen grains
(Hesse, 2002, figures 3–4; and Hesse, pers. comm.,
2010)" (p. 189)
"This fossil has further similarity with Rhodospatha
in having a central vascular cylinder with compact
arrangement of collateral, amphivasal, and compound
bundles and a large number of angular metaxylem
vessels. The fossil thus matches best with
Rhodospatha." (p. 90)
"While fragmentary, they are clearly relatable to
Orontium.” (p. 138)
Grünbach, Austria
Lower
Campanian
70 Ma
Tyung River
outcrop, centre of
the Vilui Basin,
Timerdyakh
Formation, sample
T9, Siberia
Latest
Campanian –
earliest
Maastrichtian
75–70 Ma
Deccan
Intertrappean Beds
of Nawargaon in
Wardha District,
Maharashtra, India
Late
Maastrichtian –
Danian
65.5 Ma
McRae Formation,
Jose Creek
Member, New
Mexico, USA
Leaf
"They most closely resemble the genus Symplocarpus Mud Buttes
(Figs. 25–26)." (p. 140); tribe Orontioideae
(=Dean Street),
Bowman County,
North Dakota,
USA
Stems, attached “We develop a reconstruction of the plant based on
Dinosaur Park
leaves, and
attached organs and compare the fossils with the
Formation Alberta,
roots
fossil Limnobiophyllum and extant Pistia, revealing a Canada
Node #28;
70 Ma
Node #f2;
Eurasia;
70 Ma
Bogner et al.,
2007
Node #f6;
Eurasia;
70 Ma
Hofmann &
Zetter, 2010
Bonde, 2000
Maastrichtian
70.6–65.5 Ma
Node #f3;
Bogner et al.,
North America; 2007
65.5 Ma
Uppermost
Maastrichtian
65.5 Ma
Bogner et al.,
2007
Campanian
83.5–70.6 Ma
Stockey et al.,
2007
Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 3
Limnobiophyllum
scutatum
Sterile plants
Montrichardia
aquatica
Leaf
Petrocardium
cerrejonense
Leaf
Nitophyllites
zaisanicus
Leaf
Keratosperma
allenbyense
Seeds
greater systematic and ecological diversity of Late
Cretaceous Araceae than previously recognized” (p.
609).
Lemnoideae; "Therefore, and because no information
on flowers and fruits is available, Limnobiophyllum
may serve as a tentative link of the Araceae with the
Lemnaceae - a model visualized many years ago by
Schleiden (1839)." (Kvacek 1995: 59); assignment of
Limnobiophyllum to Lemnoideae (Bogner 2009: 122)
“…the collective venation pattern and higher order
veins characterize the extant genus Montrichardia
and the fossil
M. aquatica, …” (p. 1580)
USA
(Maastrichtian to
Oligocene),
Canada
(Paleocene), East
Russia (Paleocene)
Rancheria Basin,
Cerrejón
Formation,
Cerrejón coal
mine, Colombia
“Petrocardium wayuuorum and P. cerrejonense have Rancheria Basin,
similar venation patterns to many modern species of Cerrejón
Anthurium in terms of collective venation, and
Formation,
secondary and higher order veins types (Table 1).” (p. Cerrejón coal
1575)
mine, Colombia
“…, we prefer to match N. zaisanicus with
Kiin-Kerish
Typhonodorum (fig. 9), which shares most of the
Formation, Zaisan
venation characters, including the ultimate areolation, Basin, Kazakhstan
rather than with Peltandra or Colocasia." (p. 170),
"However, a direct assignment to a particular extant
genus is not warranted on the basis of available
details of the venation." (p. 170)
"More detailed knowledge of anatomy of
Princeton Chert,
Keratosperma and other lasioid seeds (Seubert 1993, British Columbia,
1997) reinforces the placement of Keratosperma in
Canada
Araceae, subfamily Lasioideae. Seeds of taxa from
this subfamily are characterized as
anacampylotropous, having a hard seed coat with
crests and warts, starch-free endosperm, and curved
embryos (Seubert 1997). In addition, specialized
micropylar and chalazal regions are not common
among Araceae but are found in most Lasioideae
(Seubert 1997). Therefore, it seems that our fossil
seeds can be placed with some confidence in this
Maastrichtian to Node #6;
Oligocene
65.5 Ma
Kvacek, 1995;
Stockey et al.,
1997; Johnson,
2002; Bogner,
2009; Pigg &
DeVore, 2010;
Node #f8;
Herrera et al.,
South America; 2008
55.8 Ma
Mid to Late
Paleocene
61.7–55.8 Ma
Node #44;
55.8 Ma
Mid to Late
Paleocene
61.7–55.8 Ma
Node #13;
55.8 Ma
Node #f4;
Herrera et al.,
South America; 2008
55.8 Ma
Paleocene
65.5–55.8 Ma
Node #62;
55.8 Ma
Node #f9;
Eurasia;
55.8 Ma
Middle
Eocene
48.7 Ma
(age given by
Smith and
Stockey, 2003)
Iljinskaja,
1986; Wilde et
al., 2005
Node #f7;
Smith &
North America; Stockey, 2003
48.7 Ma
Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 4
subfamily. " (p. 245–248)
Caladiosoma
messelense
Leaf
Araciphyllites
tertiarius
Leaf
Orontium wolfei
Leaf
Nitophyllites limnestis
Nitophyllites
bohemicus
Leaf
“The more complete specimen best matches some
members of the Old World tribe Colocasieae (e.g.,
Alocasia) that extend from the tropics into the humid
paratropical- subtropical zone in southern China. The
New World tribe Caladieae is also indistinguishable
on the basis of the leaf morphology, although the
affinities seem less probable for paleobiogeographic
reasons.” (p. 167)
“In the venation patterns and the consistently missing
petiole A. tertiarius corresponds to tribe Monstereae
(Mayo et al., 1997). Similar leaves occur in Old
World Epipremnum (including partly dissected
leaves), Rhaphidophora, and Scindapsus.” (p. 165).
Messel Formation, Lower
Germany
Geiseltalian
47.5–47 Ma
(email from de
Wilde to SR, 7
Jan. 2009)
Messel Formation, Lower
Germany
Geiseltalian
47.5–47 Ma
(Email from de
Wilde to SR, 7
Jan. 2009)
"This morphotype matches, in all essential features,
Northern
Lower–middle
the only extant representative of the genus Orontium, Washington, USA; Eocene
O. aquaticum L., whose venation pattern is unique
Southern British
48.6–37.2 Ma
among aroids…” (p. 136)
Columbia, Canada
"The Philodendron leaf reported here is the only
Claiborne
Middle Eocene
fossil record of this genus. Careful comparison of the Formation, Henry 48.6–37.2 Ma
anatomy and morphology of the fossil leaf to that of Co., Tennessee,
numerous extant genera provides a sound and reliable USA
basis upon which to accept this fossil record" Dilcher
and Daghlian 1977 (p.531)
"As already pointed out for the latter case by Bown
(1988, p. 34) and Mayo (1991), such a marginal
pattern corresponds with that found in some genera of
subfamily Aroideae, namely tribe Peltandreae
(Peltandra, Typhonodorum) and tribe Arophyteae, but
not in tribe Philodendreae (Philodendron)." Wilde et
al., 2005 (p.170)
"The affinities of N. bohemicus to extant genera
remain obscure because various representatives of
tribes Peltandreae and Arophyteae may develop a
Kuclin, Czech
Republic
Lower Eocene
40.4–33.9 Ma
Wilde et al.,
2005
Node #20;
47.0 Ma
Node #f5;
Eurasia;
47.0 Ma
Wilde et al.,
2005
Bogner et al.,
2007
Dilcher &
Daghlian 1977
Wilde et al.,
2005
Wilde et al.,
2005
Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 5
Arisaema hesperia
Inflorescence
similar type of large leaves. The parallel-pinnate
venation indicates affinities to Peltandra, which
differs in more steeply angled and widely spaced
crossveins, and to Typhonodorum (fig. 9), which often
shows perpendicular crossveins." (p.173)
Electronic discussion at
Latah Formation
http://www.amjbot.org/letters/
near Spokane,
USA
Miocene
18–16 Ma
(15.8 Ma,
Graham 1999)
Knowlton,
1926;
Graham 1999;
Renner et al.,
2004a,b
References
Bell CD, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 2010. The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited. American Journal of Botany 97: 1296–1303.
Bonde SD. 2000. Rhodospathodendron tomlinsonii gen. et sp. nov., an araceous viny axis from the Nawargaon
intertrappean beds of India. Palaeobotanist 49: 85–92.
Bogner J, Hoffman GL, Aulenback KR. 2005. A fossilized aroid infructescence, Albertarum pueri gen. nov. et sp. nov. of Late Cretaceous
(Late Campanian) age from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 83: 591–598.
Bogner J, Johnson KR, Kvacek Z, Upchurch GR Jr. 2007. New fossil leaves of Araceae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western
North America. Zitteliana A47: 133–147.
Bogner J. 2009. The free-floating Aroids (Araceae) – living and fossil. Zitteliana A48/49:113–128.
Coiffard C, Mohr B. Museum of Natural History, Berlin, email to Lars Nauheimer on 1 Sep. 2011.
Dilcher DL, Daghlian CP. 1977. Investigations of Angiosperms from the Eocene of Southeastern North America: Philodendron Leaf Remains.
American Journal of Botany 64: 526–534.
Doyle JA. 1992. Revised palynological correlations of the lower Potomac group (USA) and the Cocobeach sequence of Gabon (BarremianAptian). Cretaceous Research 13: 337–349. doi: 10.1016/0195-6671(92)90039-S.
Doyle JA, Endress PK, Upchurch GR. 2008. Early Cretaceous monocots: a phylogenetic evaluation. Acta Musei
Nationalis Pragae, Series B - Historia Naturalis 64(2–4): 61–89.
Friis EM, Pedersen KR, Crane PR. 2004. Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 16565–16570.
Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 6
Friis EM, Pedersen KR, Crane PR. 2006. Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: innovation and evolution in plant reproduction. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 232: 251–293.
Friis EM, Pedersen KR, Crane PR. 2010. Diversity in obscurity: fossil flowers and the early history of angiosperms. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365: 369–382. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0227.
Graham A. 1999. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic history of North American vegetation. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.
Heimhofer U, Hochuli PA, Burla S, Weissert H. 2007. New records of Early Cretaceous angiosperm pollen from
Portuguese coastal deposits: Implications for the timing of the early angiosperm radiation. Review of
Palaeobotany and Palynology 144: 39–76. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.09.006.
Herrera FA, Jaramillo CA, Dilcher DL, Wing SL, Gómez-N C. 2008. Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia.
American Journal of Botany 95: 1569–1583.
Hofmann CC, Zetter R. 2010. Upper Cretaceous sulcate pollen from the Timerdyakh Formation, Vilui Basin (Siberia). Grana 49: 170–193.
Johnson KR. 2002. Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas: Vegetational response to climate
change, the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In: Hartman JH, Johnson KR, Nichols DJ, eds. The Hell
Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the
Cretaceous. Geological Society of America Special Paper 361. Boulder, CO, USA.
Knowlton FH. 1926. Flora of the Latah formation of Spokane, Washington, and Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. U.S.
Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Professional Paper 140A: 1–81.
Kvacek Z. 1995. Limnobiophyllum Krassilov - a fossil link between the Araceae and the Lemnaceae. Aquatic Botany 50: 49–61.
Pigg KB, DeVore ML. 2010. Floristic composition and variation in late Paleocene to early Eocene floras in North
America. Bulletin of Geosciences 85: 135–154.
Renner SS, Zhang L-B, Murata J. 2004a. A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates tertiary floristic links between Asia,
North America, and East Africa. American Journal of Botany 91: 881–888.
Renner SS, Zhang L-B, Murata J. 2004b. Fossil identifications used in molecular dating studies should be justified. Am. J. Bot. e-letter.
http://www.amjbot.org/letters/
Smith SA, Beaulieu JM, Donoghue MJ. 2010. An uncorrelated relaxed-clock analysis suggests and earlier origin for flowering plants.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 107: 5897–5902.
Smith SY, Stockey RA. 2003. Aroid seeds from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert (Keratosperma allenbyense, Araceae): comparisons with
extant Lasioideae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: 239–250.
Stockey RA, Hoffman GL, Rothwell GW. 1997. The fossil Limnobiophyllum scutatum: resolving the phylogeny of Lemnaceae. American
Journal of Botany 84: 355–368.
Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 7
Stockey RA, Rothwell GW, Johnson KR. 2007. Cobbania corrrugata gen. et comb. nov. (Araceae): a floating aquatic monocot from the
Upper Cretaceous of western North America. American Journal of Botany 94: 609–624.
Wilde V, Kvaček Z, Bogner J. 2005. Fossil leaves of the Araceae from the European Eocene and notes on other aroid fossils. International
Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 157–183.