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Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 1 Table S2. Fossils (sorted by age) used as constraints in this study or discussed in the main text. Taxon Type of fossil Affinity as stated in original paper; our notes Location Geological stratum; Age Early Aptian 125 Ma or somewhat younger Monocots Pollen Trent’s Reach, Virginia, Potomac Group, USA Mayoa portugallica Pollen Liliacidites, earliest monocot pollen (125 Ma): "The two unequivocal synapomorphies linking Liliacidites with monocots as a whole are boat-shaped pollen (33) and liliaceous grading of the reticulum (39)." (Doyle et al., 2008: 66) Estimated ages for Monocot crown: Smith et al., 2010: 156 Ma (139–167 Ma) with eudicot calibration. Bell et al., 2010: 130 Ma (123–138 Ma) with exponential prior. Araceae, possibly Monsteroideae; The exine structure is “rarely columellae-like” (Friis et al., 2004: 16566), raising the possibility that the grain might be from a gymnosperm Torres Vedras, Figueira da Foz Formation, Portugal Aptian – early Albian 125 or 112 Ma Unpublished aroid, Crato Formation Leaf Crato Formation, Brazil Late Aptian, 115 Ma Araceae fossil A Inflorescence fragments, in situ pollen Basal Araceae, possibly Orontioideae (personal communication from J. Bogner, B. Mohr, and C. Coiffard, 30 May 2011) "All characters of the new fossil strongly support a close relationship with the true aroids, subfamily Aroideae, which are characterized by their unisexual, perianth-less flowers (Cabrera et al., 2008)." (p. 376) Vila Verde, Figueira da Foz Formation, Portugal Late Aptian to early Albian 112 Ma Araceae fossil B Inflorescence with flowers, in situ pollen Araceae; “The characters of this fossil indicate a phylogenetic relationship to subfamily Pothoideae.” (p. 376) Vila Verde, Figueira da Foz Formation, Portugal Late Aptian – early Albian 112 Ma Albertarum pueri Infructescence "The fossil is referred to the subfamily Orontioideae” Horseshoe Canyon Late (p. 593) Formation, Campanian Southern Alberta, 72 Ma Cananda Divergence Biogeographic dating: analysis: Node; Node; Age Area, Age Node #0 (root); 125–139 Ma (normal distribution: mean 132, stdev. 4.25) Reference Doyle, 1992; Doyle et al., 2008; Bell et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2010 Friis et al., 2004, 2006, 2010; Heimhofer et al., 2007; C. Coiffard & B. Mohr, 1 Sep 2011 Friis et al., 2010 Friis et al., 2010 Node #3; 72 Ma Node #f1; Bogner et al., North America; 2005 72 Ma Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 2 Lysichiton austriacus Leaf Lasioideaecidites hessei Pollen Rhodospathodendron Axis tomlinsonii Orontium mackii Symplocarpus hoffmaniae Cobbania corrugata (Pistia corrugata) Leaf "This species is undoubtedly another Late Cretaceous representative of the subfamily Orontioideae. The venation pattern is a good match for that of Lysichiton (Figs 19–20) in having simple pinnate primary lateral veins that are connected with regular quadrangular meshes of transverse reticulate higher-order venation…” (p. 142) “Lasioideaecidites hessei and Lasioideaecidites bogneri, represents the earliest record of the subfamily Lasioideae (Araceae).” (p. 170) "The two taxa of the newly described fossil genus Lasioideaecidites, i.e. Lasioideaecidites hessei (with no comparable extant genus) and L. bogneri (resembles the genus Cyrtosperma), were affiliated to the primitive subfamily Lasioideae because it is the only angiosperm group that has a characteristic thickening of endexinous/nexine material in the sulcus area on the distal side of the pollen grains (Hesse, 2002, figures 3–4; and Hesse, pers. comm., 2010)" (p. 189) "This fossil has further similarity with Rhodospatha in having a central vascular cylinder with compact arrangement of collateral, amphivasal, and compound bundles and a large number of angular metaxylem vessels. The fossil thus matches best with Rhodospatha." (p. 90) "While fragmentary, they are clearly relatable to Orontium.” (p. 138) Grünbach, Austria Lower Campanian 70 Ma Tyung River outcrop, centre of the Vilui Basin, Timerdyakh Formation, sample T9, Siberia Latest Campanian – earliest Maastrichtian 75–70 Ma Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Nawargaon in Wardha District, Maharashtra, India Late Maastrichtian – Danian 65.5 Ma McRae Formation, Jose Creek Member, New Mexico, USA Leaf "They most closely resemble the genus Symplocarpus Mud Buttes (Figs. 25–26)." (p. 140); tribe Orontioideae (=Dean Street), Bowman County, North Dakota, USA Stems, attached “We develop a reconstruction of the plant based on Dinosaur Park leaves, and attached organs and compare the fossils with the Formation Alberta, roots fossil Limnobiophyllum and extant Pistia, revealing a Canada Node #28; 70 Ma Node #f2; Eurasia; 70 Ma Bogner et al., 2007 Node #f6; Eurasia; 70 Ma Hofmann & Zetter, 2010 Bonde, 2000 Maastrichtian 70.6–65.5 Ma Node #f3; Bogner et al., North America; 2007 65.5 Ma Uppermost Maastrichtian 65.5 Ma Bogner et al., 2007 Campanian 83.5–70.6 Ma Stockey et al., 2007 Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 3 Limnobiophyllum scutatum Sterile plants Montrichardia aquatica Leaf Petrocardium cerrejonense Leaf Nitophyllites zaisanicus Leaf Keratosperma allenbyense Seeds greater systematic and ecological diversity of Late Cretaceous Araceae than previously recognized” (p. 609). Lemnoideae; "Therefore, and because no information on flowers and fruits is available, Limnobiophyllum may serve as a tentative link of the Araceae with the Lemnaceae - a model visualized many years ago by Schleiden (1839)." (Kvacek 1995: 59); assignment of Limnobiophyllum to Lemnoideae (Bogner 2009: 122) “…the collective venation pattern and higher order veins characterize the extant genus Montrichardia and the fossil M. aquatica, …” (p. 1580) USA (Maastrichtian to Oligocene), Canada (Paleocene), East Russia (Paleocene) Rancheria Basin, Cerrejón Formation, Cerrejón coal mine, Colombia “Petrocardium wayuuorum and P. cerrejonense have Rancheria Basin, similar venation patterns to many modern species of Cerrejón Anthurium in terms of collective venation, and Formation, secondary and higher order veins types (Table 1).” (p. Cerrejón coal 1575) mine, Colombia “…, we prefer to match N. zaisanicus with Kiin-Kerish Typhonodorum (fig. 9), which shares most of the Formation, Zaisan venation characters, including the ultimate areolation, Basin, Kazakhstan rather than with Peltandra or Colocasia." (p. 170), "However, a direct assignment to a particular extant genus is not warranted on the basis of available details of the venation." (p. 170) "More detailed knowledge of anatomy of Princeton Chert, Keratosperma and other lasioid seeds (Seubert 1993, British Columbia, 1997) reinforces the placement of Keratosperma in Canada Araceae, subfamily Lasioideae. Seeds of taxa from this subfamily are characterized as anacampylotropous, having a hard seed coat with crests and warts, starch-free endosperm, and curved embryos (Seubert 1997). In addition, specialized micropylar and chalazal regions are not common among Araceae but are found in most Lasioideae (Seubert 1997). Therefore, it seems that our fossil seeds can be placed with some confidence in this Maastrichtian to Node #6; Oligocene 65.5 Ma Kvacek, 1995; Stockey et al., 1997; Johnson, 2002; Bogner, 2009; Pigg & DeVore, 2010; Node #f8; Herrera et al., South America; 2008 55.8 Ma Mid to Late Paleocene 61.7–55.8 Ma Node #44; 55.8 Ma Mid to Late Paleocene 61.7–55.8 Ma Node #13; 55.8 Ma Node #f4; Herrera et al., South America; 2008 55.8 Ma Paleocene 65.5–55.8 Ma Node #62; 55.8 Ma Node #f9; Eurasia; 55.8 Ma Middle Eocene 48.7 Ma (age given by Smith and Stockey, 2003) Iljinskaja, 1986; Wilde et al., 2005 Node #f7; Smith & North America; Stockey, 2003 48.7 Ma Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 4 subfamily. " (p. 245–248) Caladiosoma messelense Leaf Araciphyllites tertiarius Leaf Orontium wolfei Leaf Nitophyllites limnestis Nitophyllites bohemicus Leaf “The more complete specimen best matches some members of the Old World tribe Colocasieae (e.g., Alocasia) that extend from the tropics into the humid paratropical- subtropical zone in southern China. The New World tribe Caladieae is also indistinguishable on the basis of the leaf morphology, although the affinities seem less probable for paleobiogeographic reasons.” (p. 167) “In the venation patterns and the consistently missing petiole A. tertiarius corresponds to tribe Monstereae (Mayo et al., 1997). Similar leaves occur in Old World Epipremnum (including partly dissected leaves), Rhaphidophora, and Scindapsus.” (p. 165). Messel Formation, Lower Germany Geiseltalian 47.5–47 Ma (email from de Wilde to SR, 7 Jan. 2009) Messel Formation, Lower Germany Geiseltalian 47.5–47 Ma (Email from de Wilde to SR, 7 Jan. 2009) "This morphotype matches, in all essential features, Northern Lower–middle the only extant representative of the genus Orontium, Washington, USA; Eocene O. aquaticum L., whose venation pattern is unique Southern British 48.6–37.2 Ma among aroids…” (p. 136) Columbia, Canada "The Philodendron leaf reported here is the only Claiborne Middle Eocene fossil record of this genus. Careful comparison of the Formation, Henry 48.6–37.2 Ma anatomy and morphology of the fossil leaf to that of Co., Tennessee, numerous extant genera provides a sound and reliable USA basis upon which to accept this fossil record" Dilcher and Daghlian 1977 (p.531) "As already pointed out for the latter case by Bown (1988, p. 34) and Mayo (1991), such a marginal pattern corresponds with that found in some genera of subfamily Aroideae, namely tribe Peltandreae (Peltandra, Typhonodorum) and tribe Arophyteae, but not in tribe Philodendreae (Philodendron)." Wilde et al., 2005 (p.170) "The affinities of N. bohemicus to extant genera remain obscure because various representatives of tribes Peltandreae and Arophyteae may develop a Kuclin, Czech Republic Lower Eocene 40.4–33.9 Ma Wilde et al., 2005 Node #20; 47.0 Ma Node #f5; Eurasia; 47.0 Ma Wilde et al., 2005 Bogner et al., 2007 Dilcher & Daghlian 1977 Wilde et al., 2005 Wilde et al., 2005 Nauheimer et al., Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae - Supporting Information Table S2 p. 5 Arisaema hesperia Inflorescence similar type of large leaves. The parallel-pinnate venation indicates affinities to Peltandra, which differs in more steeply angled and widely spaced crossveins, and to Typhonodorum (fig. 9), which often shows perpendicular crossveins." 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