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Week 30 CCA Review
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Earth is composed of layers. Starting with the center of the earth, they are: Inner Core, Outer
Core, Mantle, and Crust.
The Inner Core and Outer Core are made of Iron and Nickel.
The Inner Core is solid, while the Outer Core is liquid.
The Mantle is both a liquid and solid. Think of it as a solid that can flow.
The lithosphere is a layer that contains all of the crust and part of the upper mantle.
When constructing a model of the layers of Earth, state of matter, thickness, temperature,
pressure, and elements in each layer should be considered.
An avocado could be used as a model of the Earth’s layers, with the pit as the core, the green
flesh as the mantle, and the skin as the crust. As with all models, however, the avocado has
limitations such as shape, color, size, etc.
Earth’s lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates. The major tectonic plates are: the African
plate, Antarctic plate, Eurasian plate, Indo-Australian plate, North American plate, South
American plate, and Pacific plate.
Scientists believe that the plates move slowly and continuously because of convection currents
in the mantle.The scientific theory, which describes this motion and the continuous changes in
Earth’s surface, is called Plate Tectonics.
Where two plates meet is called a plate boundary. There are 3 main types of plate boundaries:
Divergent (pulling apart), Convergent (pushing together or colliding), and Transform (sliding
past each other).
When 2 land plates move apart at a divergent boundary, a rift valley forms.
When 2 ocean plates move apart at a divergent boundary, seafloor spreading occurs and a
mid-ocean ridge forms.
When 2 land plates collide at a convergent boundary, the crust can fold and crumple, creating
folded mountains, such as the Himalayan Mountains between India and China.
When 2 ocean plates collide at a convergent boundary, one plate is forced below the other,
and a trench and volcanic islands are formed.
When 2 land plates slide past each other at a transform boundary, earthquakes can happen,
like at the San Andreas Fault in California.
Be sure you know the order of the planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune.
Gravity is the force that keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth, and the planets in orbit
around the Sun. Without gravity, the Earth would travel in a straight line instead of an elliptical
orbit.
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation states that the gravity between 2 objects depends on
the mass of the objects and the distance between them.
The greater the mass, the stronger the gravitational force.
The closer the distance, the stronger the gravitational force.
The planets closest to the sun experience the greatest gravitational force of the sun.
The greater the mass of the planet the greater its gravitational pull on other objects.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an optical telescope that orbits the Earth. It has
provided astronomers with stunning pictures of asteroids, comets, stars, other planets and
their moons and distant galaxies. It is useful in helping scientists collect data to explain the
origin of the universe.
The International Space Station (ISS) is a permanently orbiting space laboratory. It is designed
to house up to seven people for months at a time.
The moon and the other planets do not have the oxygen that people need in order to survive.
The sun and all the celestial objects (including the planets, their moons, asteroids, comets, and
meteoroids) that orbit the sun make up the solar system.
27. Comets are made up of dust and ice. Comets travel around the sun in long elliptical orbits.
28. Elliptical orbits are oval shaped, not perfect circles.
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